Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation
Something that drives behavior (need, desire, etc.)
Four basic perspectives in terms of motivation that drive behavior
1.) Instinct theory
2.) Drive-reduction theory
3.) Arousal theory
4.) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs!
Instinct theory
- most basic theory
- based on evolutionary perspectives; humans have instincts that are hardwired and not learned
-*We come hardwired with fixed patterns of behavior that become more complex as you move up the animal chain - genetics predisposes you to certain drives/instincts
-*Instinct patterns that directs behavior - BUT doesn’t really explain human beings so that’s the downfall
Drive-reduction theory
- human beings have basic needs such as water, food, sleep, and sex
- needs build a drive so you can get what you need
(We make every effort to reduce that drive to get back to a state of homeostasis)
Arousal theory
- nervous system arousal
- some pull toward increasing arousal to get you to a certain emotional state to get the job done)
Ex. athletes need a certain level of arousal to perform optimally but have to get a good balance
**Yerkes-Dodson Law
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Model of the relationship between stress and task performance that proposes that you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress/arousal
Too little or too much arousal results in poor performance
- also known as the inverted-U model arousal
Maslow’s (humanism) Hierarchy of Needs!
From top (smallest) to bottom (largest):
5.) Self-actualization
4.) Esteem needs
3.) Belongingness and Affiliation
2.) Safety needs
1.) Basic NEEDS
*possible sixth layer on top known as Self-Trancedence
Self-actualization
- top and smallest of triangle
- fullest/optimal life
- “what would your most fulfilled life look like?”
Esteem needs
- we want to be recognized, respected, look positively on us, etc.
- achievement; respect; recognition
Belongingness and Affiliation
- need to feel safe in the world to be able to progress up the pyramid
- view the world as secure
Basic needs
- must be fulfilled before you can even begin to think about optimal life
- food, water, shelter, etc.
Self-trancedence
- “Have I benefitted humanity and looked beyond myself?”
ex. Mother Teresa
Affiliation need
being with groups of people since we are social creatures
Why do people need people?
1.) Support
- emotion, financial, physical, survival, etc.
2.) Common beliefs
- groups of similar people
- out-groups :(
3.) Mental health
- direct relationship with affiliation
4.) Survival
- higher survival in groups
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
Wraps around corpus callosum and bumps into frontal lobe
- *brain area that responds (lights up on imaging techniques) to PHYSICAL pain AND also when you feel SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL pain (ex. bullying)
Motivated by achievement need
- can be culturally influenced
Ex. attaining a degree - high motivation achievement people tend to have higher financial success, higher sense of accomplishment, healthier emotional well-being
Personal characteristics of high achievement people
- higher level of persistence
- higher self-discipline
- higher levels of grit
- higher levels of intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic (motivation)
Internal
- doing something for the sake of doing it (with no expectation for getting anything)
- want to prove to yourself or someone else that you can do it
Extrinsic (motivation)
External
- doing things for “external” reasons such as making money and providing for family
- doing something for an external reward that is often money
Can you have a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Yes
Emotion
1.) Physiological
2.) Cognitive
3.) Affective
Anxiety as an emotion
Physiological
- heart rate increases, sweating
Cognitive
- rumination cognitively (thinking about what is making you anxious)
Affective
- outward appearance of being fidgety/restless
2 big theories of experiencing emotion
1.) James-Lange
2.) Cannon-Bard
James-Lange
First there is an arousal (ex. fear) and then labeling of emotion follows
