Things U Got Wring Gcse Mindmap Flashcards
How is urea produced
The breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver
How can carbon dioxide be toxic if it builds up inside a human
Can dissolve in water
Making fluid acidic
This lowers the PH of enzymes, reducing their activity
Why will water be lost from cells if too many toxic fluids build up in the body
-because the body fluid will be concentrated
-therefore the water potential inside cells will be higher than outside
-so water will be lost by osmosis from high water potential to low water potential
-preventing the cells from carrying out reactions
What is the gland located right on top of the kidney
The adrenal gland
The nephron is located in which part of the kidney.
And then which parts of the nephron are in which
In both the cortex and medulla.
The proximal consulted tubule and distal consulted tubule are inside the cortex
The loop of henle and collecting duct are inside the medulla
Why does blood that enters the glomerulus come in at a high pressure
Because the blood that enters the renal artery comes from the aorta
And because the capillaries are narrow as they enter the glomerulus
Which molecules are not filtered into the glomerular filtrate
Proteins and red blood cells
Give 4 organs of excretion, and what they excrete
1)skin- water and excess ions
2)lungs-co2 and water
3)liver-breaks down amino acids to form urea which is toxic
4)kidneys-metabolic waste substances, like, urea, water, excess ions
What is sweat made up of
Water and excess mineral ions eg sodium
Why is homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment, despite external change
Three difference between nervous and hormonal responses
Nervous coordinated by nerves, travel by electric impulses
Hormonal coordinated by glands, travel through hormones in the blood
Nervous much quicker
Nervous effects much more short lasting
What is the role of the mitochondria in aerobic respiration
They perform aerobic respiration, by converting glucose into ATP
Name 8 substances that the glucose formed from photosynthesis can make
Energy in the form atp (released when the glucose form photosynthesis used for repsiration in mitochondria)
Cellulose (made with energy from respiration, which makes bonds between glucose monomers)
Starch
Lipids (which are stored in seeds)
Amino acids, then proteins or dna (made when glucose combines with nitrate ions)
Chlorophyll (made when glucose combines with magnesium ions)
Fructose
Sucrose (used for transport)
How can cellulose be made from photosynthesis.
And state it’s function
Photosynthesis produces glucose
Glusoce is then used by mitochondria in aerobic respiration to produce energy in form of ATP
This energy makes bonds between glucose monomers to make cellulose
Used to produce cell walls, providing them with strength
How can proteins be made from photosynthesis
Glucose produced from photosynthesis
Combines with a nitrate ion
This produces amino acids
Which can then form proteins
What two ways can glucose be stored in inside a plant
Inside starch
Inside lipids (which are stored in seeds, which can also make cell membranes)
Balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O —-) C6H12O6 + 6O
Limiting reactant meaning
Component of the reaction in shortest supply, so that it limits the rate of reaction from increasing
Function of the spongy mesophyl
Main surface of gas exchange, so Contains large air spaces to increase surface area to volume ratio for diffusion
Function of the upper epidermis
Thin and translucent layer to allow light to enter through onto the palisade mesophyl layed
State the two layers of the leaf underneath the upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyl
Spongy mesophyl
functions of the stomata in photosynthesis
Where gas exchange occurs,allowing co2 to enter and oxygen to leave through diffusion
Allows for the evaporation of water for transpiration
Give 6 adaptations of a leaf for photosynthesis
-thin and translucent upper epidermis to allow maximum light to enter for photosynthesis
-contains tightly packed palisade cells which contain chlorophyll to absorb light energ for photosynthesis
-thin for shirt diffusion distance of co2 to enter
-flat for large surface area for max light to enter, and max co2 to enter by diffusion
-network of veins, to transport water to cells for photosynthesis
-stomata, to allow co2 to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out
State the functions of 4 mineral ions and what their deficiencies look like
-nitrates— needed to make amino acids for proteins for cell growth—stunted growth + yellowed leaves
-phosphates— needed to make dna for cell membranes—purple leaves
-potassium— allow enzymes to carry out reactions such as photo + resp—-yellows leaves + dead spots
-magnesium— needed to make chlorhydrique for photosynthesis—- yellowed leaves
How can you see that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis
-use aquatic plant such as pondweed
-submerge underneath water
-bubbles with form to demonstrate oxygen is formed
-to prove, it will relight a glowing splint
Why could you not test a leave for glucose, to demonstrate it has photosynthesized
Because once has glucose has been produced, it quickly is transported around the plant, or then as a storage in the form of starch
Explain the main steps of how you test a leaf for starch
1)set up a tripod and gauze, and heat a beaker of water
2)place the life inside a boiling tube to kill it and prevent chemical reactions from happening, so that outer layer is removed and iodine can later be absorbed
3)after 30 secs remove and place inside a test tube of ethanol, to remove chlorophyll so that the colour odpf iodine can be seen
4)rinse with cold water to soften
5)lay out on a soft tile and add iodine solution
Explain how you can investigate the effect of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis
1)take a leaf and de starch by placing in cupboard for 24 hours, to ensure all r meaning starch is used up
2)place inside a bell jar with all the suitable conditions for photosynthesis eg light
3)add sodium hydroxide to the bell jar to absorb all the co2
4)then follow the steps to test the leaf for starch (boiling water, ethanol, cold water, iodine), shoukd turn yellow brown because no starch present
Explain how you can investigate the effect of light intensity of photosynthesis
1)de starch half a leaf by wrapping in aluminum foil for 48 hours
2)expose the leaf to light
3)follow the steps to test the leaf for starch (boiling waters, ethanol, cold water, iodine)
4)part exposed to light will turn blue black bc contains starch, part wrapped up will remain yellow brown
Explain how you can investigate the effect of chlorophyll on photosynthesis
1)take a variegated leaf
2)perform the test for starch on it
3)green part will turn blue black, yellow part will remain yellow brown after iodine is placed on it
Photosynthesis is a … reaction and repsiration is a…. Reaction
Endothermic
Exothermic
What two factors can be measured to investigate respiration in seeds
Production of co2, (can use hydrogen carbonate indicator)
Production of heat, (use a thermometer)
….. can be used to remove carbon dioxide from the surroundings
…..can be used to measure the levels of carbon dioxide in the surroundings
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrogen carbonate indicator
State the colors that hydrogen carbonate indicator turns in different levels of carbon dioxide
Yellow- high levels
Orange- atmospheric levels
Purple- low levels
Give 6 adaptations of a leaf for gas exchange
-FLAT for large surface area to volume ratio for diffusion
-thin to provide short distance for diffusion
-contain many stoma to maintain steep conc GRADIENT for diffusion
-contain many air spaces to increase surface area to volume for diffusion, and to allow EASIED MOVEMENT of gases
-close contact between air spaces and cells so that more efficient gas exchange
-moist air to allow gases to dissolve and so they can MIVE EASIER so for more effective gas exchange
Why do leaves have large air spaces
To provide large surface area to volume for diffusion of gases
And to allow gases to move more easily
Explain what happens to the stomata in low light levels
Water moves out of the guard cells through osmosis
So they become flaccid,
So this prevents any diffusion of gases into or out of the stomata
Explain what happens to the stomata in high light levels
Water moves into the guard cells through osmosis
Causing them to be turgid
This means that gases can diffuse into or out of the stomata for gas exchange
Why do stomata close during the….
Night
Because they are not photosynthesizing and so respiration is being favoured instead
Therefore they are producing water as a byproduct, so the stomata close to prevent evaporation of water through transpiration
Give a more detailed defintion of transpiration
The evaporation of water from the spongy mesophyl, followed by the diffusion of water vapour through the air spaces, out of the stomata into the air
How does wind speed affect transpiration
High wind speed, increases transpiration
This is because it removes the excess water vapour from the surface of the leaf
Therfore steeper conc gradient of water vapour between leaf and the air
So water will thus DIFFUSE out at a higher rate
(Don’t say evaporate, bc the water has already evaporated into water vapour in the inside of the leaf)
Explain how the transportation stream works
Water evaporates into water vapour inside the spongy mesophyl layer
This diffuses through the air spaces, out of the stomata
To replace the water that has been lost, transpiration creates a “pull”
And So because water molecules in the xylem vessel are cohesive ( stick together)
They are pulled up and transported to parts of the leaf
4 functions of transpiration
-Transports mineral ions to the plants by dissolving them in water
-provides water to cells for photosynthesis
-provides water to cells to keep them turgid, to provide support to the plant
-keeps the LEAVES cool, because conversion of water into water vapour removing heat energy
State the route of water into the plant
Enters through root hair cell (osmosis)
Root cortex cell
Xylem vessel
Leaf mesophyl cells
What substances does the phloem transport
Sucrose and amino acids
Describe the structural differences and the movement between phloem and xylem
Xylem consists of dead cells
The end walls are removed to provide a hollow continuous tube
Strengthened by cell walls of lignin
Water can only move up
Phloem consists of living cells
Substances (sucrose and amino acids) move between the end walls through pores/sieve plates
Water can move up or down
Give a limitation of using promoters to measure transpiration
Only gives measurement of how much water has been used, but unknown how much has been used for transpiration, and how much has been used in other processes eg photosynthesis or providing turgor
Give three accuracy things u must do when conducting a bubble photometer experiment to measure rate of transpiration
Cut the stem underwater to prevent air bubbles forming in the xylem
Cut at an angle to increase surface area to volume ratio for water to be absorbed
Dry the leaves first and wait to acclimatize, so that certain that there is no excess water on them
How can you invest Auger effect of humidity on transportation levels
Spray a plastic bag with water and wrap it around the leaf
If you were drawing a graph to show respiration and photosynthesis throughout the day, how would it look
Respiration straight line because constant all day
Photosynthesis peaks at midday and then goes down
Purpose of pleural membranes
Séparâtes lungs from internal features of the thorax, to prevent friction
Which intercostal muscles are involved in ventilation
EXTERNAL
Give the order of substances that are involved in forming blood clots
Saturated fats
Raise cholesterol levels
Increase plaque
Forms blood clots
Give three ways vaccines can be formed
-fragments of the pathogen
-the antigen itself
-pathogen that is unable to reproduce
Why do arteries have muscular walls, and why do they have elastic fibers
Muscular walls, to withstand high pressure
Elastic fibers, to stretch and recoil, to maintain the high pressures
Structure of capillaries
-One cell thick to allow for short diffusion distance for gases
-permeable to allow oxygen and co2 to diffuse in and out
What is a community
Two or more populations of different species living in an area at one time
What is an ecosystem
The interaction of all the abiotic and biotic factors within an area at a single time
Give an equation to use when measuring population size on a field
Mean per quadrat (total number organism counted/ total quadrants used) x total area of field
What is biodiversity
A measure of the range of different species that live in an organism
Give 7 abiotic factors and 4 biotic factors
Abiotic:
-temperature
-light intensity
-wind direction
-soil ph/mineral content
-oxygen levels(eg aquatic plants)
-carbon dioxide levels
-toxic chemicals eg pesticide
Biotic:
-availability of food
-completion for resources
-new predators
-new pathogens
Decomposition meaning
The breakdown of dead organic material into simpler organic compounds by releasing carbon dioxide into the air and is done by organisms such as bacteria
Decomposers defintion
Organisms such as bacteria or fungi that break down dead organic material into simpler organic materials by releasing carbon dioxide into the air for energy, using enzymes
State For pyramids of biomass and pyramids of number,
what each one represents
The size of each bar
Biomass:
Represents the total relative mass of dry material in the trophic level
Size of each bar remains the same
Pyramids of number:
Represents the total number of organisms in the species at each trophic level
Bars can vary in width
Explain how these play a part in the nitrogen cycle:
Lightning
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Nitrifying bacteria
Decomposers
Denitrifying bacteria
-Lightning fixes atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which can be absorbed by plants to make proteins and dna
-nitrogen fixing bacteria is present inside root nodules of legumes, and converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
-nitrifying bacteria converts ammonia, into nitrites, into nitrates
-animals urinate and excrete urea into the soil, and die, so decomposers break down this dead organic material into ammonia
-denitrifying bacteria in water logged soil convert nitrates to atmospheric nitrogen.
Give four ways that carbon can be returned to the soil, and three ways that it can be released into the air
Returned:
-death
-excretion
-fossilation
-photosynthesis
-combustion of fossil fuels
-respiration
-decomposition
What are the two ways that carbon monoxide can be released
Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
Released through car emissions
Give and explain two effects of acid rain
-acidifies waters and lakes which can kill animals and wildlife sensitive to changes in ph
-can kill trees as it damages the waxy layer on leaves, and it releases toxic substances from the soil, making it difficult for the soil to absorb minerals
State what a green houe gas is
then Give five greenhouse gases and where they are produced from
Greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs infrared radiation from the sun and then traps it in the earths atmosphere, which leads to the earths temperature to increase.
Carbon dioxide- burning fossi fuels + deforestation
Methane- cattle rearing + rice paddy fields
CFCS- refrigerators
Nitrous oxide- fertilizers and car engines
Water vapour- rivers and lakes
Give four effects of greenhouse gases
-Cause polar ice caps to melt which can lead to rising sea levels
-can lead to cilamate change, causing increases droughts and flood
-can lead to habitat loss and cause species to become extinct, reducing biodiversity
-can lead to increased migration which can cause the spread of disease and pests
Give two substances present in sewage and where they come from
Nitrates, from urea or faeces
Phosphates, from detergent
State three organisms present in water pollution and state what level of pollution they are present in
Stone fly lymph- clean water
Larvae. Slightly polluted
Bloodworms- heavily polluted
Give four consequences of deforestation
Soil erosion
Disturbance to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Loss of habitat, extinction and so decrease biodiversity
Less transportation so climate is drier
How does deforestation lead to soil erosion
Roots can no longer hold soil in place
This means that soil can easily be leached by rain water
Leaving infertile soil
Give 5 factors that you can control inside a greenhouse, and give suggestions how to control them
Carbon dioxide levels (paraffin heater)
Water (regular watering)
Temperature (already trapped from sunlight but can use a paraffin heater)
Light intensity (artificial lighting or blinds)
Protection from pests (because enclosed environment)
Protection from weather conditions (eg excessive wind)
Give 3 advantges of pest control and 4 advantages of biological control
Give 5 disadvantages of pest control and 3 disadvantages of biological control
Pest adv; -has an immediate effect
-can kill an entire population
-accessible and cheap
Bio adv;- doesn’t lead to resistance
-doesn’t cause pollution
-can target specific populations
-doesn’t need to be continuously applied
Pest disad: -pests can develop resistance
-can lead to pollution
-can contain persistent chemicals which can build up and lead to bio accumulation
-can kill other unwanted species
-needs to be continuously reapplied
Bio disad;- takes longer to be effective
-cant kill an entire population
-may become a pest itself
Explain how to make yogurt
-sterilize medical equipment to kill harmful pathogens and to prevent chemical contamination
-pasteurize milk to 85-90 to kill other microorganisms to enter which could create competition for resources with lactobacillus and thus halt production
-homogenize the milk to distribute fat globules
-cool to 40-45
-inoculate with lactobacillus and incubate for a few hours and lactobacillus will ferment lactos (milk sugars) into lactic acid
-lactic acid; coagulates the milk, acidifies the ph to prevent other microorganisms from entering, denatures enzymes to form semi solid milk solids, halts the reproduction of yeast
-cool the milk to 5 degrees to halt lactobacillus
-add flavourings and colourings
Give the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and then Explain how bread is made
Glucose —-) ethanol + carbon dioxide
1) mix flou, water and yeast together to make dough and the knead the dough
2) the yeast has used up all the available oxygen during aerobic respiration to reproduce, so begins to aerobically respire, by fermenting the flour sugars into ethanol and carbon dioixde
3) placed in the overnight, co2 trapped inside dough causes bread to rise, ethanol evaporates, and Hugh temperatures kill the yeast
Give 7 features of an industrial fermenter and explain what they do
-air in; allows oxygen to enter for aerobic respiration
-air out; gases from fermentation can cause gases to build up so allows them to be released
-nutrient medium; for respiration to produce energy
-paddle stirrers to agitate; agitate to ensure that the contents such as nutrients and oxygen are always in contact with micoorganims. Also distributes heat
-water jacket; to control the temperature for enzymes to function
-tempertaure and ph probes; to monitor temp and ph for enzymes
-steam in:sterilizes to kill unwanted bacteria, so that there is no competition for resources, and this prevents chemical contamination
Give 6 ways to increase yield in fish farming
-to prevent disease, use antibiotics and filter waste to increase survival rate
-feed with high nutrient food and feed frequently to prevent from eating eachother
-control intraspecfifc predation by separating by size and age, control interspecfic by separating by gender
-separate by gender so that they can be selectively bred to increase yield
-keep in cages to reduce energy loss
-keep high oxygen levels in water by filtering and removing waste
Give five advantages of genetically modified plants
-can produce higher yield
-can have higher nutrients value
-can have greater hardiness to extreme weather conditions
-can be disease resistance
-greater attractiveness and taste for consumers
Give three disadvantages of genetically modified plants
-reduces biodiversity
-could cause allergic reactions
-risk of outcrossing, where genes from one gmo plant are transferred to another wild plant, which could reduce the usefulness of the crop, eg if weeds also become herbicide resistant
Give three disadvantages of selectively bred animals
-reduces genetic diversity as there is a reduction in the gene pool
-so if there is an environmental change they are less likely to survive and so become extinct
-so more likely that there are genetic defects present in the offspring
Give examples of;
A plant that has been selectively bred
An animal that has been selectively bred
A plant that has been genetically engineered
Wild brassica, into cauliflower and broccoli
Wolves, into the domestic dog
Golden rice
Explain what golden rice is
Genetically modified crop which produces a chemical to make vitamin a
Prevents blindness in poorer countries
Explain how to make human insulin using genetic modifcation
1) using restriction enzymes, cut out a plasmid from a bacterium cell, which will act as the vector
2)use the same restriction enzymes to take out the human gene for insulin from a human, and leave the corresponding sticky ends open
3)use ligase enzymes to join the human gene and the plasmid together to form a recombinant dna
4)insert his dna inside a bacterium cell and incubate inside a fermentor
5)the bacterium cell will reproduce by binary fission, producing more bacterium with the same recombinant dna and so same gene for insulin
Transgenic meaning
An organism that contains the genetic material of another SPECIES
Explain how micropropogation can be used to make clones of plants
1)select plants with desired characteristics and take an explant from it using a scalpel
2)sterilize to kill harmful bacteria using a disinfectant
3)grow in vitro inside a Petri dish with agar jelly, which should contain nutrients needed for growth, aswell as growth hormones such as auxin
4)cells will divide my mitosis to produce a plant let, which will be genetically identical to the parent plant
5)if more plants are desired to be produced then more explants can be taken
6)can then be taken out and placed in compost in a greenhouse where it can continue to grow with optimum conditions such as temperature or light
Explain how embryonic cloning can occur
1)take the sperm cell from a male and then artificially inseminate a female with the sperm
2)an embryo will form in her uterus, which is taken out of the uterus and divided into separate embryos, all of which are genetically identical
3)these embryos are inserted into surrogate mothers to continue their development until birth
4)the offspring will all be clones of the the first two animals whos sperm and egg cell was sued
