differentiation + stemcells

Question 1

what is cell differentiation

Answer 1

the process in which an unspecialized cell changes due to gene expression(+mitosis) and becomes specialized

Question 2

How does cell differentiation take place?(4 steps)

(zygote/embryo/ ability to change/ expression)

Answer 2

1)multicellular organisms begin life as a zygote( a single fertilized egg cell)
2) The zygote undergoes mitosis and so begins to divide. It repeats the process until a ball of cells called an embryo is formed
3) These cells are now called embryonic stem cells. They have the ability to change into any type of cell
4)They all have same genetic material however in order to become a particular cell, a specific gene pattern must be expressed

Question 3

What is an adult stem cell/ somatic stem cell

(Undiff/ spec/ closely)

Answer 3

Undifferentiated cells found in specific areas of the body
, that can only differentiate into related cell types

Question 4

What is special about plant cells and differentiation

Answer 4

All
plant cells have the ability to fully differentiate at whatever stage they’re at

Question 5

What is a disadvantage of somatic stem cells in comparison to embryonic stem cells

Answer 5

They retain their ability to differentiate into many different cell types

Question 6

What Type is a somatic stem cell and why

Answer 6

Multi potent. Because it can only differentiate into closely related cells

Question 7

What does Unipotent mean

Answer 7

Cells that can divide and differentiate into only one kind of cell

Question 8

What are the four types that stem cells can be identified as

Answer 8

1) Totipotent
2) Pluripotent
2) Multipotent
2) Unipotent

Question 9

Meaning of totipotent and an example of it

Answer 9

Totipotent cells are those which can differentiate into any cell type and an example is embryonic stem cells

Question 10

What is the meaning of Pluripotent

Answer 10

Cells that can differentiate into almost any cell

Question 11

How can you obtain embryonic stem cells

Answer 11

Through vitro-fertilization in a lab

Question 12

What is the main use of somatic stem cells in the body

Answer 12

To help repair and replace damaged tissue

Question 13

What are IPSCS cells

Answer 13

adult stem cells that have been turned pluripotent

Question 14

Suggest four advantages of somatic stem cells

Answer 14

• Can potentially save lives by their ability to repair wounds and tissue damage
• easily accessible
  -Good for research about abnormal cell illnesses
  -There are no ethical issues

Question 15

What is Stargarts and how can stem cells be used to treat it

Answer 15

Inherited disorder which causes vision loss.
Stem cells can divide and differentiate into the RPE cells in the eye
Replacing the damaged cells
Which can help to halt vision loss

Question 16

What is Leukemia, and how can stem cells treat it

Answer 16

Leukemia is cancer of the blood where there is an abnormal growth of white blood cells.
Stem cells can divide and differentiate into the blood cells
Thus replacing the damaged cells
To stimulate growth in the bone marrow

Question 17

What is a stem cell

Answer 17

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell is not specialized.
has the ability to become any type of specialized cell through dividing many times(through mitosis)

Question 18

What is the order of potents and their meanings

Answer 18

Totipotent- can change into any
Pluripotent- can change into almost any
Multipotent- can only change into closely related family
Unipotent- can become only one type

Question 19

What are three examples of cells that bone marrow can produce

Answer 19

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

Question 20

Are stem cells used for prevention or treatment

Answer 20

Treatment

Question 21

Suggest theee problem with stem cells

Answer 21

They are grown in a lab and so a virus could grow on them

They could give this to the patient and make them more sick

OR

Because they rapidly divide they could increase the risk of getting cancer

OR

if not compatible will be attacked by the body

Question 22

What is the problem with giving the wrong donor to a bone marrow transplant

Answer 22

1) The donor has to be compatible otherwise white blood cells will attack the patients body

Question 23

Explain how Embryonic stem cells have the potential ability to treat someone with damaged spinal chords

Answer 23

They have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell

So they can replace the damaged cells of the spinal chord by dividing and differentiating

Question 24

Why can plants differentiate many times but human cells can’t

Answer 24

Because it allows for regrowth

Question 25

Name three places that somatic stem cells are found

Answer 25

Bone marrow
Liver
Heart