differentiation + stemcells Flashcards
what is cell differentiation
the process in which an unspecialized cell changes due to gene expression(+mitosis) and becomes specialized
How does cell differentiation take place?(4 steps)
(zygote/embryo/ ability to change/ expression)
1)multicellular organisms begin life as a zygote( a single fertilized egg cell)
2) The zygote undergoes mitosis and so begins to divide. It repeats the process until a ball of cells called an embryo is formed
3) These cells are now called embryonic stem cells. They have the ability to change into any type of cell
4)They all have same genetic material however in order to become a particular cell, a specific gene pattern must be expressed
What is an adult stem cell/ somatic stem cell
(Undiff/ spec/ closely)
Undifferentiated cells found in specific areas of the body
, that can only differentiate into related cell types
What is special about plant cells and differentiation
All
plant cells have the ability to fully differentiate at whatever stage they’re at
What is a disadvantage of somatic stem cells in comparison to embryonic stem cells
They retain their ability to differentiate into many different cell types
What Type is a somatic stem cell and why
Multi potent. Because it can only differentiate into closely related cells
What does Unipotent mean
Cells that can divide and differentiate into only one kind of cell
What are the four types that stem cells can be identified as
1) Totipotent
2) Pluripotent
2) Multipotent
2) Unipotent
Meaning of totipotent and an example of it
Totipotent cells are those which can differentiate into any cell type and an example is embryonic stem cells
What is the meaning of Pluripotent
Cells that can differentiate into almost any cell
How can you obtain embryonic stem cells
Through vitro-fertilization in a lab
What is the main use of somatic stem cells in the body
To help repair and replace damaged tissue
What are IPSCS cells
adult stem cells that have been turned pluripotent
Suggest four advantages of somatic stem cells
- Can potentially save lives by their ability to repair wounds and tissue damage
- easily accessible
-Good for research about abnormal cell illnesses
-There are no ethical issues
What is Stargarts and how can stem cells be used to treat it
Inherited disorder which causes vision loss.
Stem cells can divide and differentiate into the RPE cells in the eye
Replacing the damaged cells
Which can help to halt vision loss
What is Leukemia, and how can stem cells treat it
Leukemia is cancer of the blood where there is an abnormal growth of white blood cells.
Stem cells can divide and differentiate into the blood cells
Thus replacing the damaged cells
To stimulate growth in the bone marrow
What is a stem cell
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell is not specialized.
has the ability to become any type of specialized cell through dividing many times(through mitosis)
What is the order of potents and their meanings
Totipotent- can change into any
Pluripotent- can change into almost any
Multipotent- can only change into closely related family
Unipotent- can become only one type
What are three examples of cells that bone marrow can produce
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
Are stem cells used for prevention or treatment
Treatment
Suggest theee problem with stem cells
They are grown in a lab and so a virus could grow on them
They could give this to the patient and make them more sick
OR
Because they rapidly divide they could increase the risk of getting cancer
OR
if not compatible will be attacked by the body
What is the problem with giving the wrong donor to a bone marrow transplant
1) The donor has to be compatible otherwise white blood cells will attack the patients body
Explain how Embryonic stem cells have the potential ability to treat someone with damaged spinal chords
They have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell
So they can replace the damaged cells of the spinal chord by dividing and differentiating
Why can plants differentiate many times but human cells can’t
Because it allows for regrowth
Name three places that somatic stem cells are found
Bone marrow
Liver
Heart
