Breathing, Gas Exchange, Cirrculatiry System Flashcards
What is the difference between respiration and breathing
Respiration is the chemical process that breaks down nutrient molecules (specifically glucose) in living cells to release energy
But breathing is the mechanism that brings air into and out of the lungs through gas exchange
What is the diapragm made of
A muscular sheet of tissues
What is the role of the cartilage around the trachea
It provides support to the trachea
and keeps the airways open when breathing
What is the role of the epiglottis
Acts as a flap to prevent food and water entering the windpipe
Describe how the trachea is kept clean
1)the goblet cells secrete mucus which trap dirt and bacteria
2)the cells are linked with cilia which sweep the mucus out towards the mouth
What is the role of the bronchi
To carry air to the lungs
What is the role of the bronchioles
The carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli
What are the roles of the pleural membranes
Provide lubrication to allow optimum expansion and contraction of the lungs
Explain how inhalation works
The outer intercostal muscles contract and MOVE THE RIB CAGE UPWARDS AND OUTWARDS
Whilst the diaphragm also contracts and dome flattens
So the volume inside the thorax is increased
So the pressure decreases in the thorax and is lower than that of atmospheric pressure
So air enters the lungs
Explain how exhalation works
The external intercostal muscles relax and the internal intercostals move the rib cage down
The diaphragm also relaxes and returns to its usual dome shape
The volume in the thorax decreases
So the pressure is higher than that of atmospheric pressure
So air is moved out of the lungs
How does the way that the lungs are made, help with exhalation
The lungs are elastic so they have a tendency to collapse
What is the percentage of oxygen Inhaled and exhaled
21% inhaled, 16% exhaled
What is the percentage of carbon dioxide inhaled and exhaled
0.04% inhaled and 4% exhaled
If hydrogen carbonate indicator is used for inhaled and exhaled air experiment, what colour will one of the tubes turn?
Exhaled air tube will turn yellow
Explain what happens to the breathing rate when a person exercises
When you exercise, your muscles contract more and your body needs to break down more ATP for energy,
Thus you need to respire more so your body needs to take in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide
So the rate and depth of breathing increases
Explain why the heart rate increases during excercise
Muscles contract more and need to break down more ATP for energy
So need to aerobically respire more and thus need to bring larger amounts of oxygen into the blood and need to remove larger amounts
therefore the heart needs to pump more blood per second so the heart rate increases
Explain why and how a fit persons resting heart rate differs from an unfit person
Fit person has a lower resting heart rate than an unfit person
Because training strengthens the heart
so they pump more blood per minute than an unfit person
Therefore can pump at a slower rate to supply oxygen to the aerobically respiring cells of the body
Why does a persons breathing rate and heart rate not return to normal after exercise
Because the build up of lactic acid needs to be oxidized by the oxygen debt
In the experiment of breathing in and out of a mouth tube to investigate inhaled and exhaled air, what can you say about the composition of inhaled air by looking at the test tube
The composition of inhaled air contains more oxygen than carbon dioxide and we know this because the limewater indicator only bubbled a small amount
Name three characteristics of the alveoli that make it efficient for gas exchange
1)good supply of oxygen to maintain concentration gradient
2)thin diffusion distance so can diffuse fast
3)large surface area to volume ratio, so that large amount of gases can diffuse in a short amount of time
Explain what happens when a person has bronchitis(4)
Tar destroys Cilia in the airways so they can not sweep mucus so there is a build up of dirt and bacteria
which blocks the airways and makes it difficult to breathe
And the lining of the cells are irritated
thus they produce more mucus which also builds up and causes a “smokers cough”
Explain how a smokers cough is formed
Tar irritates the lining of the cell which is then stimulated to produce more mucus
and it damages the cilia cells so mucus is unable to be swept away
So builds up in airways and causes the cough
Explain what happens when a person has emphysema(4)
Carcinogens damage the walls of the alveoli causing them to fuse together into large irregular shapes
This decreases the surface area of them
So gas exchange is made less efficient
So less oxygen can be dissolved in the blood stream
So the person has more difficulties breathing
Does smoking cause lung cancer
No but it increases the risk
Explain how lung cancer is formed
Carcinogens damage the dna of cells
Which causes them to mutate and divide uncontrollably which is called a tumor
The Tumour can now spread to other parts of the body and can damage other cells
Why is carbon monoxide dangerous
It binds more tightly to the haemoglobin in the blood than oxygen does
So less oxygen is transported around the body
So cells can not respire as well and the person will have difficulty breathing
Why would a pregnant woman who smokes child be underweight
Carbon monoxide present in a cigarette will bind more tightly with the haemoglobin in the fetuses red blood cells
and so less oxygen will be transported to the cells if it’s body
So less aerobic respiration will take place
Which will alter the growth and development of the fetus
What are two withdrawal symptoms of smoking
Restlessness
Tendency to put on weight
Explain how a smoker can quit and how it works
They can begin consuming nicotine gum or vapes which do not contain tar
This way their body has a source of nicotine but is not affected by the tar
Gradually they can decrease their nicotine dose and they will not crave it anymore
Name three harmful substances present in a cigarette and describe what they do
Tar:causes cancer, bronchitis and emphysema
nicotine: addictive stimulant that causes high cholesterol
carbon monoxide: prevents blood from carrying oxygen
Name five components that blood transports and name from where to where
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Nutrients from the gut to other parts of the body
Urea from liver to kindey
Hormones and antibodies
Heat
Why do multicellular organisms require a circulatory system
Their body is made of many cells
so they have a small surface area to volume ratio
so oxygen can not diffuse fast enough into cells and they would die
Why do we need blood to be pumped to put lungs
So that gas exchange can take place (so oxygen can go into the blood stream and carbon dioxide can go out)
Describe the difference between a single circulatory system and a double circulatory system
In a Single circulatory system, blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ and then to the rest of the body
But in a double circulatory system, blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ to the heart again to the rest of the body
Describe the sequence of pulmonary circulation and the sequence of systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation:
deoxygenated blood —) pulmonary artery—) lungs—) pulmonary vein —) rest of the body
Systemic circulation:
oxygenated blood —) aorta —) rest of the body —) vena cava
Describe the direction of blood movement in the arteries, veins, capillaries
Arteries: away from the heart to other parts if the body
Veins: from other parts of the body to the heart
Capillaries: carry blood through organs, linking the arteries and capillaries
Explain the process of how deoxygenated blood enters the heart and how it returns back to the heart(6)
Deoxygenated blood enters the VENA and then enters the RIGHT ATRIUM, which contracts so pressure increases and the TRICUSPID VALVW opens to allow blood to flow into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
This contracts so the pressure increases and forces the blood to flow into the SEMILUNAR VALVE
From where it leaves through the PULMONARY ARTERY
Where it travels into the lungs through the CAPILLARIES through the alveoli
And then is transported back to the heart through the PULMONARY VEIN
Explain the process of how oxygenated blood enters the heart and then how it returns back to the heart(5)
Oxygenated blood enters through the PULMONARY VEIN into the LEFT VENTRICLE, where this contracts and thus increases the pressure to force blood to flow through the BICUSPID VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE
The left ventricle also contracts to increase the pressure, forcing the blood into the SEMILUNAR VALVE
where from here the blood leaves through the AORTA and the high pressure closes the VALVE
and then travels to other parts of the body and then enters from the VENA CAVA
Explain why the diameter of the walls of the left ventricle are thicker than the walls in the right ventricle
Left ventricle is thick To withstand higher pressures to allow blood to flow through the whole body.
Right ventricle is thin To carry Lower pressure blood in order to prevent damage in the capillaries of the lungs
What is the largest artery in the body
The aorta
Give six adaptations of the heart:
1)split into two ventricles to allow different pressures, where left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to whole body
2)walls of the atria are thin, which stretch when blood enters and contract to push blood through the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
3)made of cardiac muscle, which can continuously contract and expand without being fatigued
4)cardiac muscle has its own blood supply through coronary arteries and coronary veins which can supply it with oxygen and nutrients so that it can continue to contract and expand
5)contain valves which allow blood flow in only one direction
6)split by a septum which separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
What is the purpose of the coronary arteries
To supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle
How do high cholesterol levels lead to coronary heart disease
Cholesterol can build up and block the thin coronary arteries
Which cuts off the blood supply, preventing oxygen and glucose from being transported to the cardiac muscle
So the cells can not aerobically respire and release energy for the muscles to contract
Resulting in a heart attack
How does smoking increase the chances of coronary heart disease
1)smoke damages the lining of the coronary artery which leads to a build up in plaque
2)plaque narrows the diameter of the lumen which leads to blood clots
3)so blood can not flow as easily which increases the amount of oxygen and glucose transported the cells of the cardiac muscle for aerobic respiration
4)therefore the heart can no longer contract which leads to a heart attack
6 factors that increase the chance of coronary heart disease and explain how
1) High blood pressures, because they increase the strain on the heart, which causes the walla of the artery to be damaged so blood clots likely
2)Smoking, raises blood pressure, blocking arteries and more strain on heart, and nicotine and carbon monoxide make blood clots more likely
3) Stress, increases blood pressure causing more strain on the heart
4) Lack of exercise, because exercising reduces blood pressure and strengthens the heart
5)Diet, because increased amount of saturated fats can increase cholesterol levels. High cholesterol levels can create build up of plaque that can build up in arteries and create blood clots
6)Heditary, some people have a tendency to develop coronary heart disease
How many times does the heart beat per minute on average
70 beats per minute
Explain how the body changes under the influence of adrenaline
Adrenal glands trigger the hormone adrenaline
which increases the heart rate
So amount of blood supplied to the MUSCLE CELLS increases
which increases amount of oxygen transported to the muscles
So the muscles can then release more energy through aerobic respiration, allowing us to produce the “fight or flight response”
Explain how the nervous system responds to excercise (4)
When the rate of aerobic respiration increases, the rate of carbon dioxide produced also increases
The increase in carbon dioxide levels is detected by receptors in the aorta and the carotid artery
Which send nerve impulses through the sensory nerve to the medulla
The medulla sends nerve impulses to the accelerator nerve which increases blood pressure and heart rate
What is the role of the pace maker
To regulate heart rate and coordinate the contraction of the heart
EXPLAIN three ways that the artery differs from the vein
Contains more elastic fibers and muscle to withstand higher pressures
-contains now valves unlike a vein because high pressure so no backflow of blood
-narrow lumen to increase resistance and withstand high pressures
Name two ways that the veins are adapted to their function
1) large lumen reduces the resistance to allow blood to flow at lower pressures
2) semilunar valves prevent the back flow of blood as it is low pressures
Describe what type of blood arteries and veins carry
-arteries carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery)
-veins carry deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein
Name an adaptation of the capillaries that make it suitable for its function
-one cell thick to make the rate of diffusion of gases and nutrients faster
What is another word for a red blood cell
Erythrocytes
Name five components in the blood and their roles
1)Plasma- liquid that carries urea to kidneys, distributes heat and carries dissolved nutrients and hormones
2) red blood cells- transport oxygen around the body
3) lymphocytes- produce antibodies to destroy microorganisms
4) phagocytes-engulf and destroy pathogens
5)platelets-release chemicals to make blood clot
When haemoglobin combines with oxygen, what does it form
Oxyhaemoglobin
Explain the three adaptations of the red blood cell and their uses
1)No Nucleus- allows more oxygen to be loaded into them
2)biconcave disk- increases surface are to volume ratio for diffusion
3)wall of one cell thick- to optimize diffusion rate
What is the main role of the white blood cell
To protect the body from invasion of pathogens
Explain the stages of phagocytosis (3)
1)phagocyte recognizes the presence of the pathogen so produces membrane projections of cytoplasm called pseudopodia
2)pseudopodia surround and enclose the phagocyte into a vacuole and release enzymes to break the microorganism down and digest it
3)the phagocyte absorbs and useful material and expels the rest
What are antibodies
Soluble proteins
Explain 2 different ways in which antibodies can destroy pathogens.
1)antibodies can attach to the antigens, causing lathogens to stick together. This makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf
2)antibodies can release antitoxins which can neutralize the toxins produced by the pathogens
Why is the gradient for the secondary immune response on a graph steeper than the primary immune response
The presence of memory cells from the primary immune response increases the rate at which antibodies are produced and increase the quantity that they are produced in
Explain how vaccination is done
1) The person is injected with a dead or inactive form of the pathogen which contains the same antigens of the pathogen
2) The lymphocytes detect the antigen and so produce antibodies specific to the antigen to destroy it
3)Some lymphocytes then divide and reproduce to produce memory cells,
4)so if the pathogen is detected again, this secondary immune response will produce antibodies at a faster rate and in a greater quanity
Name 3 agents used as vaccines
1)dead form of pathogen
2)form of pathogen that is unable to divide and reproduce
3)fragment of the pathogen, that contains only the antigens required
Name two cells made in the bone marrow
Red blood cells
Platelets
Explain what happens when a person receives a cut
1) platelets at surface of skin are attracted to the cut and form a clot
2))exposure to the air stimulates them platelets to produce a chemical
which causes soluble fibrinogen fibers to change into insoluble fibrin fibers which form a mesh network over the cut
3)red blood and white blood calls cells become trapped in the mesh, creating a stronger clot which prevents blood from escaping and pathogens from entering
4)clot forms a scab which protects the damaged tissue while new skin grows
A balloon is placed In a bell jar to display the mechanism of breathing. Suggest why it does not show the full process
Because there are no intercostal muscles shown or rib cage shown
Describe how you would investigate the effect of exercise on breathing using cormmss
C- whether a person has excercised or not
O-same gender, age and average fitness level of people
R-repeat investigation for reliability
M-the change in BReaths taken per minute
M-measure before exercising (repeat for average) and after exercising in equal one minute intervals
S-same temperature of atmosphere
S-Same excercise for each person
Why does the breathing rate remain high even after exercise
As the body can not supply enough oxygen during exercise, it starts to use anaerobic respiration
which produces lactic acid in the muscles
The lactic acid in the muscles can only be broken down and removed by the oxygen debt created during exercise
Thus the breathing rate needs to remain high to supply enough oxygen for this
Name the blood vessel that goes towards the liver and away from the liver
Name the blood vessel that goes towards the kidney and away from the kidney
Name the blood vessel that goes to the head and away from the head
Name the blood vessel that goes towards the legs and away form the legs
Hepatic artery
Hepatic vein
Renal artery
Renal vein
Carotid artery
Jugular vein
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Explain why the concentration of gases leaving the human aorta is different
from the concentration of gases leaving the fish heart
In a human, blood has just been oxygenated in the lungs
and carbon dioxide has been removed
But in a fish, oxygen has been used for respiration in the cells
And carbon dioxide has been produced
What is the purpose of a valve
The prevent backflow
Explain why long distance runners have a lower than average resting heart rate
1)because of training, the muscle in their heart has strengthened
2)so it can produce more volume of blood per second than an average person
3)therefore can pump fewer times to transport oxygen to cells for aerobic respiration
Explain why the left ventricle differs to the right ventricle and how (3)
Left ventricle has more muscle
To generate more pressure
So that blood can flow to all parts of the body
Describe the function of plasma in transporting named substances in the body (4)
-Ureafrom the liver to the kidneys where it is filtered out through nephron)
-nutrients such as amino acids )from the small insteine after digestion to body cells
-hormones such as ADH, which are released in pituitary gland and transported to the nephron
-carbon dioxide (which is a waste product of respiration transported from respiring cells to the lungs)
-do not discuss oxygen because it binds to red blood cells
-plasma does not transport re d blood cells or platelets etc
Is the nucleus in the phatgocyte irregularly shaped or regularly
Irregularly
Suggest why age may affect the likelihood of dying from lung cancer
If your older more susceptible to carcinogens because weaker immune system
Explain the relationship between total surface area of alveoli and respiration rate in a cat and a mouse
1)Cat has higher surface area to volume ratio of alveoli and thus a higher respiration rate than the mouse
2)so MORE OXYGEN CAN DIFFUSE at a given time
Describe the function of the semi lunar valves (1 answer but two points)
Prevent the backflow of blood
BACK INTO THE VENTRICLES
In the heart of a fetus, the two upper chambers are linked by a hole so that blood can pass between them.
Explain why this hole is closed before baby is born
So that oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood do not mix together
And so that oxygenated blood can be pumped through the body
Describe how scientists could find out if badger vaccination reduces TB in cattle(3)
1)vaccinate cattle in one area and not in the other
2)count number of cattle with TB
3)control number of cattle in each area and the same field size
Explain which out of phagocytes and lymphocytes are specific and which are non specific
-Lymphocytes are specific because they produce antibodies which are specific to the antigen of the pathogen
-Phagocytes are non specific because they engulf any kind of pathogen
Explain what happens to red blood cells in terms of hemoglobin and oxygen when it is in the lungs compared to when it is in other parts of the body.
When red blood cells are in the lungs, they load oxygen, so the iron in the haemoglobin helps the haemoglobin to react with the oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
When red blood cells are in other parts of the body they unload oxygen, so the iron in the hemoglobin helps the oxyhaemoglobin to break down and form oxygen and hemoglobin
During strenuous activity during exhalation , describe the changes to the intercostal muscles and how this works
The internal intercostal muscles will contract, because they work in opposition to the external
So this decreases the volume of the thorax more
So pressure increases even more
And more air is forced out, because there is a greater need to rid the body of the increased carbon dioxide levels)
State three gases present in exhaled air and their compositions
Oxygen 16%
Carbon dioxide 4%
Nitrogen 78%
Why does exhaled air contain less oxygen than inhaled
Because some of the oxygen inhaled is used up by cells in the body during aerobic respiration, therefore the amount is less when it is released
Is the resting heart rate higher or lower for unfit person and explain why
Higher
Because muscles are weaker
So muscles therfore require more oxygen to work for the same amount that a fit person would need to work for
Explain how diet can cause coronary heart disease
A diet high in saturated fats
Increases cholesterol levels
This increases the build up of plaque
Whoch causes blood clots
Why do arteries have elastic walls
So that they can stretch and recoil to maintain high blood pressures
Why is the blood flow slow inside capillaries
So that there is time for it to exchange substances between the cells
Give two adaptations of the capillaries
1)permeable so that gases like co2 and oxygen can easily diffuse in and out
2)one cell thick to allow for thin diffusion distance
The hepatic portal vein transfers….. blood from …. To the ….
Deoxygenated
Gut/small intestine
Liver
Explain HOW the heart rate increases when one exercises
When exercising, muscles produce more carbon dioxide because aerobically respiring more often
This increase in carbon dioxide is then detected by receptors in the aorta and carotid artery
This sends electrical impulses to the medulla in the brain
This transmits Impulses to the carotid muscle, making it contract more frequent,y + with more force
The carotid artery leads from the..to the..
Heart
To the
Head
Receptors in which two blood vessels are used when changing heart rate from exercise
The aorta and carotid artery
Explain how heart rate changes with adrenaline
When on féels threatened, the adrenal glands release adrenaline
These bind to receptors in the heart, causing it to contract more frequently and with more force
This causes heart rate to increase, so amount of oxygen pumped round the blood and transported to cells in the body for aerobic respiration therefore increase, therefore the amount of energy released increases,
So the body can prepare for the “fight” or flight”
Natural resting heart rate is controlled by the… which is located in the
Pacemaker
Right atrium
Which blood vessel takes blood from head to heart
Jugular vein
Which bloood vessel transports blood from legs to heart and
Heart to legs
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Give two adaptations of the trachea
Consists of c shaped cartilage rings to keep the airways open
Consists of goblet cells and cilia cells, where goblet cells secrete mucus and trap bacteria and dirt, and cilia cells sweep mucus out
Which white blood cell carries out a non specific immune response and which on carries out a specific immune response
Lymphocytes-specific immune response
Phagocytes- non specific immune response
Which white blood cell has a multi lobed nucleus
Phagocytes
What is an artériole
Blood vessel that connects arteries to capillaries
