Things I wanna learn

Question 1

CAUSES OF BRADYCARDIA

Answer 1

• Bradycardia = Decreased cardiac output, even stroke volume may decrease due to longer diastolic filling times
• Drugs: alfa2 agonist, opioid agonist, overdose of any anesthetics
• Increased vagal tone: ETT, abdominal nociception, traction of ocular muscles, high blood pressure
• Metabolic: hypothermia, end-stage hypoxemia, hyperkalaemia
• Heart disease

Question 2

CAUSES OF TACHYCARDIA

Answer 2

• Tachycardia = can diminish cardiac output due to shorten diastolic filling time and reduce stroke volume
• Light level of anesthesia: nociceptive response during surgery
• Drugs: ketamine, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics
• Metabolic: hypovolemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, hyperthermia, postoperative pain
• Endocrine disorders: pheochromocytoma, hyperthyreoidosis
• Heart disease

Question 3

Normotension in horses: systolic

Answer 3

Systolic: 90 – 130 Hgmm

Question 4

Normotension in horses: diastolic

Answer 4

Diastolic: 60 – 90 Hgmm

Question 5

Normotension in horses: mean

Answer 5

Mean: 70 – 110 Hgmm

Question 6

HYPOTENSION IN HORSES:

Answer 6

•	Systolic pressure under 80 Hgmm and/or
•	Mean pressure under 60 Hgmm
•	Causes:	
o	Hypovolemia 
o	decreased cardiac output 
o	Vasodilatation 
•	Consequences 
o	Compromised cerebral and coronary perfusion

Question 7

HYPERTENSION IN HORSES (ACUTE)

Answer 7

• Systolic pressure above 180 Hgmm and/or
• Mean pressure above 140 Hgmm
• Causes:
o Vasoconstriction
• Consequences (acute):
o Edema and bleeding in organs (brain, lungs)

Question 8

Multimodal therapy:

Answer 8

Alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist 
NSAIDs
SAIDs
NMDA receptor antagonists
Opioids 
Local anesthetics 
Other medicines 
Other techniques