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Equine medicine > 4.Examination of respiratory tract of horses > Flashcards

4.Examination of respiratory tract of horses Flashcards

1
Q

General impression

A
  • Behaviour
  • Posture
  • Gait
  • Body condition
  • Abnormal sounds/noises, breathing
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2
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

shortness of breath or breathlessness

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3
Q

Steps of the physical exam (which parts do we examine)

A
  • Nose and paranasal sinuses
  • Guttural pouches
  • Cough
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Thorax
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4
Q

Physical examination methods:

A
  • Inspection
  • Smell
  • Palpation
  • Auscultation
  • Percussion
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5
Q

Normal findings of the physical examination of the nose:

A

Temperature of the region is equal to the surroundings
Palpation is not painful
Percussion sound is sharp, bone-like

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6
Q

How is the nasal discharge describes?

A

-Continuous or temporary
-Uni- or bilateral
-Amount and grade of discharge
(mild, moderate, severe)
-Quality, colour and smell of discharge:
(Serous, mucous, purulent, haemorrhagic, frothy, containing food particles)
-Origin:
(Nose, paranasal sinus, pharynx, guttural pouch, trachea, lung, stomach)

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7
Q

Examination of the nose:

How do we examine the expired air and what are the normal findings?

A
  • Intensity of airflow
  • Temperature of airflow
  • Smell

Normal findings:

  • Medium strength and temperature
  • Odour is characteristic, not unpleasant
  • Airflow is symmetrical bilaterally
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8
Q

Examination of the paranasal sinuses

A 
• Sinuses almost totally communicate
• Thin septum separates the rostral and
caudal maxillary sinus
• Maxillary sinus is affected most frequently
• Primary disease
• Diseases of the upper cheek teeth
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9
Q

Examination of the paranasal sinuses: physical methods

A

Inspection
Palpation
Percussion (flexed middle finger)

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10
Q

Examination of the paranasal sinuses: normal findings

A
  • Skin is intact, no alopecia or abnormal shape
  • Temperature is equal to the surroundings
  • Palpation is not painful
  • Percussion sound is sharp, bone-like
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11
Q

Examination of the guttural pouches

A

Location: Between the base of the skull, atlas and pharynx

  • Stylohyoid bone splits it, smaller lateral and larger medial compartment
  • Left and right pouches do not communicate
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12
Q

Examination of the guttural pouches: physical methods

A

Inspection
Palpation
Percussion (finger-to-finger or plessimeter and hammer)

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13
Q

Examination of the guttural pouches: Normal findings

A
  • The skin is intact, no alopecia is seen
  • Temperature is equal to the surroundings
  • Palpation is not painful
  • Percussion sound is resonant
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14
Q

What do we examine/look for when we examine the cough ?

A
  • Mode of emergence
  • Spontaneous, induced
  • Frequency
  • Intensity
  • Tone
  • Occurance (e.g. at rest, during exercise)
  • Duration
  • Amount of secretion
  • Pain
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15
Q

Induction of cough

A
  • Press the arytenoid cartilages of larynx

* Press the first tracheal rings

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16
Q

normal finding: cough

A
  • No spontaneous cough
  • Difficult or impossible to induce cough
  • The induced cough is strong, sharp, low, short, dry, non-painful, snapping, does nor recur
17
Q

Examination of the larynx: physical methods

A

Inspection
palpation
auscultation

18
Q

Examination of the larynx: normal findings

A
  • Skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
  • Temperature is equal to the surroundings
  • No alterations on palpation
  • Very mild stridor on auscultation
19
Q

Examination of the trachea:

physical methods

A

• Inspection, palpation, auscultation

20
Q

Examination of the trachea: normal findings

A
  • Skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
  • Temperature is equal to the surroundings
  • No alterations on palpation
  • Laryngeal noise is audible in a weaker form on auscultation
21
Q

Examination of the thorax: physical methods

A

• Inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion

22
Q

Examination of the thorax: inspection

A
  • Shape, size, symmetry of hemithoraces
  • Breathing
  • Respiratory rate, rhythm, type, depth
  • Dyspnoea
  • Inspiratory, expiratory and mixed types
23
Q

Examination of the thorax: auscultation

A

• Respiratory noises of the horse are weak

24
Q

Examination of the thorax: systemic approach

A
  • Start cranially behind scapule
  • Move 2-4 intercostal spaces (ICS) caudally
  • Start dorsally in each ICS, move ventrally by 5-10 cm
  • Check at least one inspiration and expiration at each spot
  • Auscultate longer if you detect abnormal sounds
  • Examine both hemithoraces
25
Q

Examination of the thorax: auscultation, basic respiratory noises

A
  • Basic respiratory noises: weak and soft
  • Weaker than normal (decreased airflow, superficial breathing)
  • Missing (pleural effusion, consolidated lung)
  • Increased in intensity, louder, harsher (dyspnoe, increased airflow)
26
Q

Examination of the thorax: auscultation, adventitious respiratory sounds

A
  • Musical (wheezes): whistling

* Non-musical (crackles): clicking, rattling, crackling noises

27
Q

Examination of the thorax: percussion sounds

A
  • Noise created by instruments
  • Sound of the chest wall
  • Resonant sound of the air-filled lung
28
Q

Features of the percussion sound

A
  • Intensity: strong/sharp or weak
  • Frequency: high or low
  • Tone: sonorous/resonant or dull
  • Duration: short or long
29
Q

Examination of the thorax: percussion, normal finding

A

Normal finding: strong/sharp, low, resonant, short

30
Q

Examination of the thorax: percussion, normal lung border

A 
Normal lung border
• Deltoid tuberosity: 7th ICS 
• Point of shoulder: 10th ICS 
• Ischiadic tuber: 14th ICS
• Tuber coxae: 16th ICS
31
Q

Ancillary diagnostic methods:

A 
• Endoscopy
-Resting endoscopy 
-Dynamic endoscopy
--Treadmill
--Telemetric (overground)
• Ultrasonography 
• Radiography
• CT
• Thoracocentesis 
• Thoracoscopy
• Lung function tests
• Nasal and pharyngeal swabs
• Tracheal wash
• Bronchoalveolar lavage 
• Arterial blood gas analysis

Equine medicine (17 decks)

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