1.Structure, sequence and methods of the clinical examination. Signalment, history, distant examination and vital parameters

Question 1

What are the parts of the clinical examination?

Answer 1

Physical examination, ancillary diagnostic methods and laboratory examinations.

Question 2

What are the ancillary diagnostic methods?

Answer 2

Tubing, ultrasonography, endoscopy, radiography +

Question 3

what are the methods of the physical examination?

Answer 3

• Inspection
• Palpation
• Auscultation
• Percussion
• Olfaction
• Measurement

Question 4

What are included in a normal physical examination?

Answer 4

Detailed and standardised examination including all body systems and organs.

Question 5

When is physical examinations unnecessary?

Answer 5

In a colic horse, injured horse, but it is recommended to check all organs.

Question 6

What are important when you do physical examinations?

Answer 6

Signalment, identification, history, distant examination, general inspection, vital parameters and close physical examination of each organ.

Question 7

What are included in the signalment and identification of the horse?

Answer 7

Owner’s name and contact details (GDPR)
Permanent data
Non-permanent data
Passport.

Question 8

Permanent data;

Answer 8

species, breed, sex, colour, white marks,

whorls, microchip.

Question 9

Non-permanent data;

Answer 9

Age, body weight, height at withers, body length, branding marks, freeze markings, tattoos, microchip

Question 10

What are the normal white marks you can find on a horses head?

Answer 10

star, stripe, blaze, white face, snip, flesh mark, white muzzle.

Question 11

Star:

Answer 11

Any white mark on the forehead. Size, shape, intensity, position and coloured markings (if any) on the white to be specified

Question 12

Stripe

Answer 12

the narrow white marking down the face not wider than the flat anterior surface of the nasal bones

Question 13

Blaze

Answer 13

a white marking covering almost the whole of the forehead between the eyes and extending beyond the width of the nasal bones usually to the muzzle

Question 14

White Face

Answer 14

where the white covers the forehead and front of the face, extending laterally towards the mouth

Question 15

In which order should you describe the white markings of the legs?

Answer 15

Always commence with the left fore followed by the right fore and continued by the left hind and the right hind.

Question 16

Describe the white marks on the limbs of the horse?

Answer 16

White coronet, White pastern, White fetlock, White half cannon, White to knee, to hock, to hind quarter etc., White patch on coronet (its location must be specified)

Question 17

Which other marks can you find on the horse?

Answer 17

Permanent marks such as scars
saddle marks
bridle marks
collar marks
girth marks
other harness marks

Question 18

Where is it normal to find whorls, feathering?

Answer 18

Forehead, Crest, Pectoral region, Flank fold.

Question 19

What are some human made permanent marks?

Answer 19

Brand marks, freeze marks tattoos

Question 20

What are important to ask about when you want to know the history of an ill horse?

Answer 20

Duration of disease
Abnormalities observed by the owner, trainer, rider, groomer.
Any change since the animal has been ill
Prior veterinary interventions
Prior non-professional interventions
Use of the horse
Reproductive status
Transport

Question 21

What are important to ask about when you want to know the history of an ill horse’s environment?

Answer 21

Species and number of animals kept together with the ill horse, Symptoms and signs of other animals, Morbidity and mortality rates, Infectious and parasitic diseases, Housing conditions, Feeding technology and feedstuff, Toxic materials at the yard, Change in ownership or staff

Question 22

What do we look for on a distant examination?

Answer 22

Size
Conformation
Body condition
Posture
Gait
Behaviour
Excitation states
Depression states 
Obvious pathological changes

Question 23

What are the basic clinical values?

Answer 23

Rectal temp
Pulse
Heart rate
Respiratory rate

Question 24

What are the range of the rectal temp?

Answer 24

Adult horse: 37.0-38.0 °C,

Foal: 37.5-38.5 °C

Question 25

What are the normal pulse rate?

Answer 25

Adult: 28-42 beats per minute (BPM)

Question 26

Where do you palpate to take the pulse?

Answer 26

Facial artery
Transverse facial artery
Medial and lateral digital artery (fore- and hind limbs)

Question 27

What are the respiratory rate?

Answer 27

Adult: 10-18 breaths/minute
• Foal
• At birth: gasping
• 0-2 hours: 40-60 breaths/minute
• 12 hours: 30-40 breaths/minute
• 24 hours: 30-35 breaths/minute
• 1-7 days: 20-35 breaths/minute
• 1 week-6 months: 10-25 breaths/minute

Question 28

What are the sequence of the examination of the organs?

Answer 28

• Skin
• Lymph nodes
• Mucous membranes
• Respiratory system
• Cardiovascular system 
• Gastrointestinal system
• Urinary system
• Genital system
• Haematopoietic system
• Endocrine system
• Locomotory
system
• Nervous system