2.Skin diseases in horses Flashcards
Steps to dermatologic diagnosis:
- Chief complaint
- Signalment
- Dermatologic history
- Medical history
- Client credibility
- Physical examination
- Differential diagnosis
- Diagnostic and therapeutic plan
- Ancillary diagnostic methods
- Trial therapy
- Narrowing differential diagnosis
What do we look for in a basic routine physical examination of the skin?
Systemic diseases with skin signs.
Multiple, independent diseases.
Main forms of lesions:
Primary, secondary
What is spesial for the localization of lesions and the cause?
Viral lesions are in specific locations, predilection sites of parasites, specific anatomical localization of tumors.
What are the primary skin lesions?
– Macule – Papule / plaque – Vesicule – Pustule – Urticaria – Nodule – Tumour – Cyst
What are the secondary skin lesions?
– Alopecia – Scaling – Crusting – Scar – Erosion – Ulcer – Lichenification – Fissure – Hypo-/hyperpigmentation – Necrosis
What are som typical areas of skin lesions?
Mucocutaneous junctions
Chestnuts
Hooves
Coronary bands.
What are the ancillary diagnostic methods of skin diseases? (helping methods)
• Haematology (systemic inflammation) • Biochemistry – Photosensitivity: skin lesions only on white-haired areas • Skin scraping (parasites) • Hair and follicle samples • Brushing (arthropods) • Cellotape – Oxyuriosis, around anus • Swab, aspiration, impression smears – Fungi, bacteria, parasites (Habronema), cytology • Biopsy – Histopathology – Immunohistochemistry • Intra dermal allergy test
what are the types of skin biopsy?
- Shave biopsy
- Punch biopsy
- Wedge biopsy
- Excisional biopsy
Why do we do a skin biopsy? (what are the indications?)
- To establish a specific diagnosis
- To rule out differential diagnoses
- To follow the course of the disease
- To confirm the completeness of tumour excision
how do we examine a lymph node?
Physical methods: • Inspection • Palpation (external, internal) Ancillary diagnostic methods: • Fine needle aspiration (cytology) • Biopsy (histopathology) • Surgical excision (histopathology) • Diagnostic imaging - Ultrasonography, endoscopy
Which lymph nodes are palpable in horses normally?
Mandibular and superficial inguinal
Which lymph nodes are palpable when enlarged?
Lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
Rectal exam:
Iliosacral lymph nodes
Mesenteric lymph nodes.
Which mucous membranes do we examine?
- Oral mucosa
- Conjunctiva
- Nasal mucosa
- Anal mucosa
- Genital mucosa
What are the normal findings for the mucous membranes?
- Light pink
- Smooth (conjunctiva: mildly wrinkled)
- Shiny
- Moist
- Intact
- Blood vessels barely visible
- Capillary refill time: <2 sec.
