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Cells > Things I Don't Know Part 3 > Flashcards

Things I Don't Know Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the advantage of using fluorescent proteins in combination with light microscopy?

A

Cellular dynamics in the living cell can be observed.

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2
Q

What is FRAP used to examine?

A

The mobility of proteins

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3
Q

When does FRAP work best/fastest?

A

In a fluid environment.

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4
Q

Describe how FRAP works.

A

1) Fluorescent proteins or dyes are photo bleached

2) The diffusion of unbleached proteins/dyes is monitored.

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5
Q

What can FLIP be used to examine?

A

Communication/material exchange between organelles.

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6
Q

Describe how FLIP works.

A

Diffusion from an unbleached to a bleached part of the cell results in a decrease of fluorescence in the unbleached part.

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7
Q

What does photoactivation allow for the visualisation of?

A

A subpopulation of activated proteins.

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8
Q

Explain how photoactivation works.

A

Mutated GFP or mCherry becomes visible after a lazer pulse.

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9
Q

In which year, and by which scientist, was the term ‘cell’ first used?

A

In 1665 by Robert Hooke

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10
Q

Who defined cells using the spontaneous generation theory, and in what year?

A

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schlieden, 1839

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11
Q

Who theorised that cells arose from pre-existing cells? When?

A

Rudolph Virchow, 1858

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12
Q

What is the size range of the average cell?

A

1-50 micrometers

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13
Q

Give an example of a cell that is not within the normal size range.

A

A dinosaur egg, up to 30cm

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14
Q

When did the first cell appear?

A

Approx 3.8 billion years ago.

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the inner protocell.

A

Lipids form a bilayer-surrounded compartment containing ribozymes.

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16
Q

What is the maximal resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.05nm

17
Q

What is the maximal resolution of a light microscope?

A

200nm

18
Q

Describe the dynamic properties of actin.

A

Undergoes treadmilling: polymerisation at plus-end, and depolymerisation at minus-end.

19
Q

Where is the main Microtubule-Organising Centre in animals?

A

The centrosome

20
Q

Describe the polymerisation of the microtubules.

A

They elongate through the addition of GTP-boudn tubulin dimers at the plus-end.

21
Q

Wht regulates microtubule dynamics and interaction with organelles?

A

Plus-end binding proteins

22
Q

Name the molecular motors and state which cytoskeletal filament they are associated with.

A

Myosin - associated with F-actin.
Kinesin - associated with microtubules.
Dyenin - associated with microtubules.

23
Q

What is the role of Rab-GTPase?

A

Helps vesicle-target membrane fusion by tethering vesicles to the membrane.

24
Q

Name and locate the three vesicle coats.

A

1) COPI; forms at Golgi vesicles
2) COPII; forms at endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi vesicles.
3) Clathrin; forms at the endocytic vesicles.

25
Q

Name the components of all eukaryotic cytoskeletons.

A

F-actin, microtubules.

26
Q

What filament is also found in the cytoskeleton of animal cells?

A

Intermediate filaments

27
Q

What do microfilaments (F-actins) consist of?

A

G-actin monomers

28
Q

What do microtubules consist of?

A

Tubulin dimers

29
Q

What do intermediate filaments consist of?

A

Various tripartite proteins

30
Q

What creates the flexibility of the primary cell wall in plants?

A

Cellulose fibrils are randomly orientated, allowing expansion of the growing cell in all directions.

31
Q

What determines the direction of plant cell extension?

A

The combination of turgor pressure and cellulose fibre orientation.

32
Q

What is the width of the plasmodesmata?

A

50nm

33
Q

What is the role of phosphoiniositides?

A

Provides identity to organelles.

34
Q

What are phosphoinositides?

A

Membrane components consisting of a lipid anchor and an inositol ring.

35
Q

Whwre is the nuclear lamina positioned?

A

Within the nucleus, attached to the inner lipid layer

36
Q

What is a nuclear localisation signal?

A

A short sequence of amino acids that directs newly formed proteins to the nucleus.

37
Q

Other than for use by motor protein, give 3 functions of the microtubule.

A
  • Chromosome segregation in mitosis
  • Cell motility of ciliate protists
  • Long-distance axonal transport

Cells (18 decks)

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