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Cells > History of Cells > Flashcards

History of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What length is a pearl-string of 20 million ribosomes?

A

1 metre

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2
Q

Order the following from smallest to largest:

  • Fibroblast
  • Red blood cell
  • Haemoglobin
  • Glucose
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosome
A
  • Glucose (smallest)
  • Haemoglobin
  • Viruses
  • Ribosome
  • Mitochondria
  • Bacteria
  • Red blood cell
  • Fibroblast
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3
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe under the microscope?

A

Cork

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4
Q

What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek discover?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Sperm cells
  • Free-living protists
  • Muscle fibres
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5
Q

Who wrote, in the cell theory, that cells form by free-cell formation?

A

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

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6
Q

Who corrected the free-cell formation theory by stating that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?

A

Rudolph Virchow

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7
Q

What happens in mitosis during:

a) M-phase?
b) G1-phase?
c) S-phase?
d) G2-phase?

A

a) M-phase = Chromosome inheritance, cell division
b) G1-phase = Cell growth
c) S-phase = DNA replication
d) G2-phase = Cell growth

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8
Q

Approximately how many cells make up the human body?

A

10^14

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9
Q

How many neurons make up the cerebral cortex of humans?

A

10^11 (neurons in the cerebral cortex)

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10
Q

How many red blood cells do humans have?

A

2-3 x 10^13 (red blood cells in the human body)

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11
Q

What is the five-kingdom classification of life based on?

A

Morphology

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12
Q

Who introduced the three-domain classification of life?

A

Carl Woese

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13
Q

What is the three-domain classification of life based on?

A

Ribosomal RNA sequencing

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14
Q

What happened 4.5 billion years ago?

A

Formation of the solar system

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15
Q

What happened 4.0 billion years ago?

A
  • Water condensation as Earth cools down
  • Formation of Earth’s crust
  • Formation of organic molecules
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16
Q

What happened 3.4 billion years ago?

A

Stromatolites (sediments of fossil cyano-like microbes) indicate first life.

17
Q

What happened 3.0 billion years ago?

A
  • Photosynthesis developed in cyano-like microbes.

- Oxygen became present in the atmosphere.

18
Q

What happened 2.0 billion years ago?

A

Development of eukaryotic cells containing symbiotic prokaryotes.

19
Q

What happened 1.2 billion years ago?

A

Appearance of multi-cellularity.

20
Q

What happened 0.5 billion years ago (500 million years ago)?

A

The Cambrian Explosion

21
Q

What happened 230-65 million years ago?

A

Dinosaurs dominated the Earth.

22
Q

When did Homo sapiens develop?

A

0.4-0.25 million years ago

23
Q

Who developed the ‘central dogma’ model?

A

Francis Crick

24
Q

What is a ribozyme?

A

A catalytic RNA molecule.

25
Q

What 5 molecules are capable of forming reactive ribonucleotides?

A
  • cyanamide
  • cyanoacetylene
  • glycolaldehyde
  • glyceraldehyde
  • inorganic phosphate
26
Q

Upon what surface may ribonucleotides spontaneously polymerise?

A

Clay surfaces

27
Q

In water, what do polar fatty acids self-organise into?

A

Micelles

28
Q

What does vesicle formation require?

A

An acidic pH

29
Q

How are vesicles formed?

How do they grow?

A
  • Vesicles are formed spontaneously from micelles

- Vesicles can grow by fusion with micelles

30
Q

How can molecules be transported from one side of the vesicle to another?

A

Through ‘flipping over’ of lipids

31
Q

What is a protocell?

A

A vesicle containing an RNA replicase

32
Q

Why are viruses not classed as cells?

A

They lack their own metabolism

Cells (18 decks)

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