Things I Don't Know Flashcards
What is the Spitzenkörper?
An aggregation of secretory and endocytic recycling vesicles and the growing tip of fungal hyphal cells.
Name an enzyme that synthesises the fungal cell wall at the hyphal tip.
Beta-1,3-D-glucan synthase
What are Woronin bodies?
Structures derived from peroxisomes that block septa and form seals between cells in a hypha.
What percentage of chloroplast proteins are encoded by the nucleus?
90%
What can chloroplasts convert into?
- Chromoplasts (pigment synthesis)
- Amyloplasts (starch storage)
Why does a leaf appear yellow during senescence?
Carotinoide-containing chromoplasts become visible
Why does a leaf appear red during senescence?
Red anthocyanin are formed to protect enzymes against photo-damage.
Describe the process of cytoplasmic streaming.
An endoplasm moves over a stationary exoplasm, driven by myosins.
Name the specialised membrane-bound compartments found in prokaryotes, and state their function.
- Magnetosomes; detect Earth’s magnetic field.
- Thylakoid membranes; function in photosynthesis.
- Nuclear compartments; hold circular chromosomes.
Name the group of prokaryotes in which you can find thylakoid membranes.
Cyanobacteria
Name the group of prokaryotes in which you can find a nuclear compartment.
Planctomycetes
hat is the role of FtsZ?
Forms a ring and the division zone, and aids cell separation.
Which types of motility in bacteria depend on a rotating flagellum?
Swimming and swarming.
What is the gliding of bacteria often associated with?
Polarised secretion of material.
What is twitching motility based on?
Type 4 pilli, which extend and contract to pull cell over surfaces.
How can cytosillic bacteria escape the phagocytic vesicle?
By polymerising host actin at one end of the cell
Describe the growth of yeast and hyphal fungi.
Yeast = isotrophic growth. Hyphal = polarised growth.
What is the main component of the mitotic spindle?
Microtubules
What is the purpose of a mitotic checkpoint?
Monitors the correct attachment of chromosomes before they are segregated in anaphase.
How is cytokinesis accomplished in animals and fungi?
Through the formation and contraction of an actin-myosin2 ring, formed in anaphase.
In aerobic respiration, name the mechanism through which protons flow through the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, generating ATP.
F0F1-ATP synthase
What is the role of an adherens junction?
Organises cellular actin
In which kingdoms does apoptosis occur?
Plants, animals, and fungi
Define a virus
A particle of RNA or DNA that is protected by a protein coat.
