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Psychology 120 > Things I Don't Knnow > Flashcards

Things I Don't Knnow Flashcards

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1
Q

Major Areas/Structures of The Brain (9)

A 
Brain Stem (pons, Reticular Activating System, medulla)
Limbic System (Amygdala and Hippocampus)
Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex)
Cerebellum 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary Gland
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2
Q

What is the Medulla?

A

Part of the brain stem responsible for automatic functions.

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3
Q

What are Pons?

A

Part of the brain stem involved with sleeping, waking, dreaming.

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4
Q

What is Dopamine?

A

A neurotransmitter that is involved in Parkinson’s Disorder, memory and learning.

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5
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System?

A

Part of the brain stem that extends to the cortex and is involved in screening incoming information.

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6
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

Part of the brain that regulates movement and balance, learning of simple skills/acquired reflexes, complex cognitive tasks.

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7
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

A brain structure that relays sensory information to the cortex, except for olfactory ones.

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8
Q

What is Serotonin?

A

A neurotransmitter involved in activity level, depression, sleep, emotion, and appetite.

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9
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter involved in muscle activity and memory, linked to Huntington’s Disorder.

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10
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Damage to the Broca’s area in the frontal lobe, affecting speech. It is slow and difficult, and the individual is consciously aware of their impairment.

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11
Q

What happens with damage to Wernicke’s area?

A

(In the Temporal Lobe) Speech occurs at normal pace but makes no sense. Person is unaware of the impairment.

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12
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Part of the brain involved with emotions, survival, and regulation of the ANS.

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13
Q

What part of the brain is involved with the initial emotional response to sensory information?

A

The amygdala. Also PTSD.

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14
Q

What part of the brain is involved in the storage of new information in memory?

A

The hippocampus. Also spatial awareness.

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15
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe involved with?

A

Memory, movement, speech, language.

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16
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe involved with?

A

Auditory, memory, speech, visual.

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17
Q

What is the Lesion Method?

A

A way of studying the brain that involved damaging or removing a section.

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18
Q

What are Biological Rhythms and what do they influence?

A

Biological rhythms are periodic, more or less regular, fluctuations in a biological system that are synchronized with external (entrainment) or internal (endogenous) cues that influence the effectiveness of medication, alertness, and job performance.

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19
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

A

Regulate levels of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland.

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20
Q

What are two things caused by lack of sleep?

A

Chronic sleep deprivation (increased cortisol levels) and chronic insomnia.

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21
Q

What is a benefit of sleep?

A

Memory consolidation.

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22
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

A process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliable. It’s linked to REM and slow-wave sleep, and may also enhance problem-solving abilities.

23
Q

What is the Sociocognitive theory to hypothesis?

A

The effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist and the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject. The hypnotized person plays a role and submits to hypnotist.

24
Q

What are these:

Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, MDMA, Cocaine, Tobacco, Caffeine.

A

Stimulants.

25
Q

What are these:

Alcohol, Tranquilizers, Valium, barbiturates, phenobarbital.

A

Depressants.

26
Q

What are these:

Opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, codone-based pain relievers.

A

Opiates.

27
Q

What are these:

LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, Salvia divinorum.

A

Psychedelics.

28
Q

What are the physiological effects of drugs?

A

Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by acting on brain neurotransmitters, by increasing or decreasing their release or preventing reabsorption of excess NTs or blocking the effects of NTs on receiving cells or by binding to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by NTs.

29
Q

What is the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

A

Involves dissociation or a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently from the rest (presence of hidden observer). The control of the executive function (frontal lobes) is weakened to altered (not dissociated) state of consciousness.

30
Q

What is Signal-Detection Theory?

A

A psychophysical theory that divides the detection of a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process.

31
Q

What is the Retina?

A

Neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball’s interior, which contains the receptors for the brain.

32
Q

What are Ganglion Cells?

A

Neurons in the retina of the eye that gather information from receptor cells (by way of intermediate bipolar cells); their axons make up the optic nerve.

33
Q

What are Feature Detector Cells?

A

Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment.

34
Q

What are the Gestalt Principles?

A

Principles that describe the brains organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns. Proximity, closure, similarity, continuity, common fate.

35
Q

What is Priming?

A

A method used to measure unconscious cognitive processes, in which a person is exposed to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects behaviour or performance on another task or in another situation.

36
Q

What is the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies?

A

Accredited to Müller, it’s the principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain, possibly allowing for sensory substitution.

37
Q

What is Cognitive Learning?

A

When people start to think differently about behaviour and its relationship to environmental influence.

38
Q

What are Propositions?

A

Units of meaning which are composed of concepts to express single ideas.

39
Q

What are Cognitive Schemas?

A

Integrated mental networks of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations.

40
Q

What are Cognitions?

A

Mental processes involved in gaining knowledge.

41
Q

What are Concepts?

A

Mental categories used to classify events and objects; include prototypes, which are the typical and fuzzy image of a thought.

42
Q

What are Mental Images?

A

A mental picture which mirrors the thing it represents.

43
Q

What levels of Consciousness are there?

A

Subconscious process and nonconscious process (implicit and mindlessness).

44
Q

Define Intelligence

A

An inferred characteristic of an individual that usually defines the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.

45
Q

What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

A

Approach measures mental abilities, traits, and processes.

46
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

A statistical method for analyzing intercorrelations among measures or test scores.

47
Q

What is the “g factor”?

A

A general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents.

48
Q

Define Mental Age.

A

The relative intellectual development relative to that of other children. Binet and Simon.

49
Q

What is Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Emphasizes information processing strategies, the ability to creatively transfer skill to new situations, and the practical application of intelligence. Componential (analytic), Experiential (creative), and Contextual (practical).

50
Q

What are Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Logicomathematical
  3. Musical
  4. Spatial
  5. Bodily-kinesthetic
  6. Naturalist
  7. Interpersonal
  8. Intrapersonal
51
Q

What is Memory?

A

The ability to recall past events in a reconstructed way; allows for retention and retrieval.

52
Q

Encoding can be:

A

Automatic or controlled.

53
Q

What are the 3 Stages of Storage?

A
  1. Sensory Memory
  2. Short Term (Working) Memory (retain with rehearsal)
  3. Long Term Memory

Psychology 120 (23 decks)

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