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Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is “set point” ?

A

Desired value chosen by hypothalamus for core body temperature

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2
Q

What is core temperature?

A

36.7 C
Brain and visceral temperature

(In morning range = 36.3-37.1 C)

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3
Q

Where are thermoreceptors?

A

In skin viscera and brain

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4
Q

What can core temperature affect?

A

Enzyme activity, change cellular function

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5
Q

Where are brain thermoreceptors?

More warm or cold ones?

Relay info to?

A

Pre-otic and superoptic region of hypothalamus

3x as many warm ones

Relay info to other areas of hypothalamus

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6
Q

What do visceral thermoreceptors sense?

A

Sense threat to maintenence of core temp. Thru

Ingested food that could change body temp
Etc.

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7
Q

Where will visceral thermoreceptors relay info to?

A

Hypothalamus (superoptic and pre-optic regions)

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8
Q

Where are cutaneous thermoreceptors?

Unimodal or bimodal?

Warm or cold sensitive?

A

Axons in skin

Bimodal - can sense both touch and temp.

Both but 10x more cold sensitive ones

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9
Q

What will cutaneous thermoreceptors do?

A

Tell us about environmental conditions

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10
Q

How does the hypothalamus act to control thermoregulation?

A

Thru hormones, ANS, and behavior changes

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11
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?

A

Controller of body temperature

Decides set point
integrates received info about current temp and makes changes based on that

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12
Q

What does anterior hypothalamus do in re: to thermoregulation?

A

Responds to HEAT with heat loss behaviors

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13
Q

What does the posterior hypothalamus do in re: to thermoregulation?

A

Responds to COLD w/ heat production behaviors

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14
Q

What gives us insulation?

Why is this the insulation material?

A

Adipose tissue

Bc 1/5 the thermal conductance as compared to skin, muscles etc.

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15
Q

What causes babies to lose heat more than adults?

A

Higher surface area to size ratio

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16
Q

How does metabolism contribute to heat generation?

A

Anaerobic metabolism breaks down Glucose to lactic acid and produces 4 atp in the process

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17
Q

What are the mechanisms for heat production? (4)

A

Ans
Endocrine
Muscular activity
Non-shivering thermogenesis

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18
Q

How does Endocrine system contribute to heat production?

A

Thyroxin

Epinephrine

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19
Q

How does the ANS contribute to heat production?

A

Sympathetics contract skin, reducing heat loss

20
Q

How does Muscular activity contribute to heat production?

A
  1. Shivering (increased motor neuron excitation)

2. Increased voluntary activity via cortex (running, jumping)

21
Q

What part of the brain controls shivering?

A

Dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus

the one that responds to cold with heat production behaviors

22
Q

What are the ways Non-shivering thermogenesis contributes to heat production?

A

Hormonal influences

Increased food intake

Brown adipose tissue

23
Q

How does hormonal influence contribute to heat production?

A

Thyroxin will increase metabolic rate

Epinephrine contraction of BVs

24
Q

How does increased food intake contribute to heat production?

A

Increased metabolism —> heat produced

25
Q

How does Brown adipose tissue contribute to heat production?

What will need to innervate it to start it’s contribution?

A

Low efficiency hydrolysis of ATP via uncoupling proteins

Sympathetic fibers
Circulating epinephrine (adrenergic innervation)
26
Q

Who is brown adipose tissue critical in?

A

Infants

27
Q

How do brown and white fat compare?

A

White fat also has uncoupling proteins and can be activated by sympathetic innervation

28
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms for heat loss?

A 
Evaporative heat loss
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Blood to skin
29
Q

What is evaporative heat loss?

What are the 2 types?

A

Energy lost as water evaporates

  1. Insensible (respiratory/ panting)
  2. Sweating (controlled)
30
Q

What is convection?

A

Movement of molecules away from contact (hot air rising)

31
Q

What is conduction?

What is a common form of this?

A

Transfer of heat between objects in physical contact with one another

Commonly b/w you and walls

32
Q

What is radiation’s contribution to heat loss?

A

Infrared radiation transfers heat between 2 objects NOT in physical contact

33
Q

How does blood to skin help heat loss?

A

How much blood to skin determines how much heat to environment

34
Q

What will activate sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic cholinergic

ach to muscarinic receptor

35
Q

What is the strucutre of a sweat gland?

A

Coiled region near lots of blood vessels w/ duct leading to skin

36
Q

How is sweat produced?

A
  1. Serum filtrated, included ions

2. Fluid to skin surface w/ reabsorption of water and sodium and Cl back to blood in duct

37
Q

What happens along the duct of a sweat gland if there is a high flow rate?

A

High water is excreted

38
Q

What happens along the duct of a sweat gland if there is a low flow rate?

A

Low water excreted

High Na

39
Q

What happens along the duct of a sweat gland if there is acclimation?

A

Low Na due to aldosterone action

40
Q

What is a fever?

A

Controlled increase in set point

body temp. Following orders of hypothalamus

41
Q

When will a fever occur?

Why?

A

With an infection

Bc immune system will release cytokines

PGE2 —> EP3 receptor —> increase hypothalamic set point for temperature

42
Q

What will the increased Temperature set point from a fever cause?

A

Increased heat production thru shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (thyroxin and epi)

Decreased heat loss via loss of blood to skin, decreased evap. Heat loss

43
Q

When the infection is gone, what happens to the hypothalamic set point that was raised do to fever?

A

Returns to normal and now the body temperature is higher than T set point

44
Q

When the fever has broke, and body temp is now to high, what happens?

A

Decreased heat production (apathy, inertia, anorexia)

Increased heat loss
Conduction, convection, EHL (Sweating), insensible EHL (panting)

45
Q

What happens to your set point during sleep?

A

Decreased set point = decreased body temperature

46
Q

What happens to your core temperature during exercise?

What temperature can it reach?

A

Increased set point = increased temp

Up to 40 C

47
Q

What will sympathetic cholinergic innervation of sweat glands cause?

A

Vasodilation of blood vessels

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