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Neurophysiology Of Higher Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of cognition?

A 
Language
Social cognition
Decision making
Executive functioning
Memory 
Visuospatial perception
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2
Q

What are the aspects of executive functioning in cognition?

A

Forward planning

Anticipation

Reasoning

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3
Q

What produces cognition?

A

extensive synaptic interactions b/w pyramidal cells of all neocortical association areas

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4
Q

How is spoken language produced?

A 
Language conceptual system 
—> 
Mediational system
—> 
Implementation system 
—> 
Spoken language
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5
Q

What makes up the Language implementation System?

A

Wernicke’s
Arcuate Fasciculus
Broca’s area
facial area of motor cortex

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6
Q

Where is the language mediation System?

A

Surrounding language implementation areas

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7
Q

What makes up the language mediation system?

A

Areas in temporal, parietal, and frontal association areas

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8
Q

What is the job of the language mediation system?

A

Relay info to language implementation system from language conceptual system

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9
Q

What is the role of the language conceptual system?

Example?

A

Provides concepts underlying our language

I.e. noun area that receives input from ventral visual pathways and provides us w/ names of things

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10
Q

Infants younger than 6 mos. are known as?

Why?

A

Language universalist

Recognize all sounds that might be language as distinct sound

Do not discrimination b/w relevant and irrelevant phenomes

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11
Q

What changes to language will occur in infants 6-9 mos. ?

A

Brains change and recognize specific language sounds of their native language

Will drop irrelevant phenomes
(ones that aren’t in their language)

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12
Q

When is the language process complete?

How do you now?

A

At one year old

First words indicate that all irrelevant phenomes are gone

(All spoken words will be intermingled regardless of language though)

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13
Q

If a second a language is learned during the language acquisition phase, what is activated?

A

Same pathway as that of the first language

From 0 -1 yr old

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14
Q

If a second language is learned after the language acquision phase, what region is activated?

A

Adjacent region of Broca’s Area

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15
Q

In adulthood, where is new language coded for?

A

In neighboring areas

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16
Q

Why is social cognition importnat?

A

Big factor in our ability to function in interpersonal and social situations

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17
Q

What 2 components is social cognition divided into?

A

Emotion comprehension

Theory of mind

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18
Q

How is social cognition tied to emotion comprehension?

A

◦ Neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others is alos involved in producing that same emotion in us

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19
Q

What is the process for emotional comprehension?

A
  1. Perception of facial expressions (recognize face is special)
  2. Emotion anatomical substrates
  3. Possible activation of Mirror neuron system
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20
Q

What are the anatomical substrates used to perceive facial expression (ID face as special)?

A

Superior temporal sulcus

Fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area)

21
Q

In the process of emotional comprehension, what are the anatomical substrates used for emotion?

What circuitry do these use?

A

Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate cortex

Same emotional circuitry to recognize as to produce

22
Q

What activates the mirror neurons system?

Why is this system importnat?

A

when you do something or when you see someone else do same action

in imitation, imitative learning and emotional processing too

23
Q

Where are the facial details that cue us to what emotion we are seeing concentrated at?

A

Eyes
Nose
Mouth

24
Q

How will a normal person scan a face for emotion?

A

In the triangle of eyes, nose, and mouth

25
Q

What controls the use of eyes and will direct our gaze to the facial triangle?

A

Amygdala

26
Q

What is prosody?

A

‣ Study of tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning

27
Q

How is Prosody perceived?

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex ID’s pitch, loudness, other characteristics
  2. Right posterior superior temporal sulcus integrates pieces to find MEANING
  3. Judgment of EMOTIONAL CONTENT in Frontal Cortex
28
Q

What s the theory of mind?

A

◦ Ability to understand the mental states of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own
‣ Beliefs, desires, and intentions

‣ Recognizes EMOTIONS AND the BELIEFS that lead to that emotion AND that different people have different beliefs

29
Q

What two pathways does the Theory of Mind require?

A

Core pathway

Accessory pathway

30
Q

What does the Core Pathway of the Theory of Mind consist of?

A

Amygdala

Connections to Medial temporal lobes

Connections to Orbitofrontal areas

31
Q

What is the medial temporal lobe for?

A

Memory, sensory processing

32
Q

What is the Orbitofrontal area for?

A

Sensory and emotional processing

33
Q

What are the components of the accessory pathway of the Theory of Mind?

A

Language

Executive functioning (frontal lobes)

34
Q

What serves as a scaffold for theory of mind?

A

Language

Becomes less important as you age

35
Q

What does the circuit for imitating interact with?

A

Limbic structures via the Insula

36
Q

Why is imitative behavior important?

What will we imitate?

A

Crucial to development of social cognitive skill

Emotional state/behavior AND Motor behaviors

37
Q

What is the flow of info thru the Mirror Neuron system?

A
  1. Posterior sector of the Supeiror Temporal sulcus
  2. Posterior Mirror Neuron System
  3. Anterior Mirror neuron system
38
Q

What does the Posterior sector of the Supeiror Temporal sulcus do?

A

Provides visual input

39
Q

What does the Posterior Mirror Neuron System do?

A

Identifies motor action

40
Q

What does the Anterior Mirror Neuron system do?

A

ID’s goal of action

41
Q

What type of decision does the Stimulus Encoding system do?

A

Decision with EXPLICIT risk

42
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in the Stimulus Encoding System?

Function?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Striatum

Evaluates EVIDENCE available in making decision

43
Q

What systems are activated for making decision with AMBIGUOUS risk?

A

Action Selection system

Expected reward system

44
Q

What are decisions with explicit risk?

A

◦ Decision where RISKS ARE KNOWN relies on stimulus encoding system

‣ Evaluates evidence available to make decision

45
Q

What are decisions with ambiguous risk?

A

◦ Risks are unknown, decisions rely on expected reward system and eventually Action Selection System
‣ Predict reward, correct for error

46
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in the Action Selection System?

Function?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

‣ Learns and encodes the subjective value of the resutls.
‣ Involved in error detection

47
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in the Expected Reward System?

Function?

A

Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Intraparietal cortex

Predicts the expected reward

48
Q

What is the function of the Insular cortex in the Expected Reward System?

A

Processes social emotion

49
Q

What is the function of the Intraparietal cortex in the Expected Reward System?

A

Somatosensory processing, planning/intent

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