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Histology Of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system influence the physiological functions of organs?

Nervous system?

A

Uses chemicals/hormones distributed to body by CV system

Uses membrane depolarization and transmission of a signal from synapses

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2
Q

How does the communication and duration of effects differ from the Endocrine system to the Nervous system?

A

Endocrine: slow communicaiton, longer effects

Nervous: fast communication, short effects

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3
Q

How are endocrine glands organized?

A

Epithelial cells arranged as cords/follicles

And well vascularized w/ fenestrated endothelium

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4
Q

What 3 stimuli control hormonal release?

A

Humoral
Neuronal
Hormonal

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5
Q

What does humoral stimuli do?

A

Controls hormonal release by monitoring levels of IONS and NUTRIENTS in blood and body fluids

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6
Q

What kind of stimuli releases PTH when Ca is low?

A

Humoral stimuli

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7
Q

What does neuronal stimuli do?

A

Sends nerve signals to release hormones

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8
Q

What kind of stimuli release Epinephrine from the adrenal gland in response to sympathetic NERVE stimulation?

A

Neuronal stimuli

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9
Q

What does hormonal stimuli do?

A

Causes release of hormones by other endocrine organ/cell thru ANOTHER HORMONE secreted in blood

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10
Q

What kind of stimuli is it that releases T3,T4 front hyroid gland upon receiving TSH from pituitary?

A

Hormonal stimuli

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11
Q

What are the direct targets of Hypothalamic hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary
Kidney
Uterus
Adrenal medulla

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12
Q

What are hypothalamic hormones?

A

Tropic hormones
ADH
Oxytocin

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13
Q

Where is oxytocin and ADH released from?

A

Posterior Pituitary

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14
Q

How is the adrenal medulla stimulated by hypothalmus?

A

Thru sympathetic innervation because hypothalmus oversees the ANS

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15
Q

What are the indirect targets of hypothalamic hormones?

How does it act indirectly?

A

Tropic hormones will stimulate anterior pituitary gland and indirectly target

Thyroid gland
Adrenal cortex
Mammary gland
Gonads
Bones
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16
Q

What is the anteiror pituitary also known as?

Consists of what % of pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

80%

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17
Q

What kind of cells are found in the anterior pituitary?

What controls them?

A

Glandular epithelial cells

Controlled by hypothalamic hormones

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18
Q

What 3 parts does the anterior pituitary consist of?

A

Pars tuberalis

Pars intermedia

Pars distalis

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19
Q

What cells are found in Pars distalis?

A

Acidphils
Basophils
Chromophobes
Sinusoidal (fenestrated caps)

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20
Q

What cells are found in the pars intermedia?

A

Small basophils

Colloid filled follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

What is commonly seen in the pars intermedia?

A

Cleft that is remnant of lumen of Rathke’s pouch

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22
Q

What is the posterior pituitary also known as?

A

Neurohypophysis

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23
Q

What makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

Axons from hypothalmaus and support cells that carry ADH and oxytocin for storage and release

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24
Q

What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

Infundibular stalk

Pars nervosa

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25
What cells does the Pars nervosa consists of?
Hypothalamic unmyelinated axons Herring bodies Pituicytes Fenestrated capillaries
26
What are herring bodies?
Expanded axonal nerve terminals in Pars Nervosa that stores ADH/oxytocin
27
What two major cell types are found in the anterior pitutiary?
Acidphils Basophils
28
What cells fall under the acidphil category?
Somatotopic cells (GH) Mammotropic cells (Prolactin)
29
What do somatotopic cells secrete?
GH
30
What do mammotropic cells secrete? Purpose?
Prolactin Stimulates milk production
31
What cells fall under the category of Basophils?
Thyrotropin cells (TSH) Corticoptropic cells (ACTH & MSH) Gonadotrophs cells (FSH & LH)
32
What do thyrotropin cells secrete? Purpose?
TSH Regulates thyroid gland secretion
33
What do corticotropic cells secrete?
ACTH (Adenocorticotropic hormone) -stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete stress hormones and mediate metabolism MSH (melanocytes stimulating hormone) -stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
34
What do Gonadotropic cells secrete? Purpose?
FSH LH
35
What is the pars nervosa continuous with? How/
With median eminence of hypothalamus Via infundibular stalk
36
What is a portal system?
Two capillary plexuses connected by veins
37
What is the blood supply between the hypothalmus and pituitary gland?
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
38
What is the flow of blood thru the Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?
1. Hypothalamic neurons release tropic hormones in to primary capillary plexus 2. Hormones thru portal veins to anterior pituitary 3. Ant. Pit.secretes hormones into SEcondary capillary plexus 4. Released into general circulation
39
What are the hormones that the anterior pituitary releases?
``` GH PRL TSH ACTH LH FSH MSH ```
40
How do hypothalamic neurons get to Posterior Pituitary?
1. Hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin or adh 2. Oxy and ADH transported down axons of hypothalmohypophyseal tract to posterior pituitary 3. Stored in HErring bodies @ post. Pit. 4. Nerve impulses arrive, release ADH and Oxy into blood
41
What does ADH target and do?
Targets kidney Regulates Na and Water retention
42
What does oxytocin target and do?
Targets uterine smooth muscle Stimulates lactation; induces birth Sexual arousal; pair and social bonding
43
What is the pineal gland covered with?
Pia mater
44
What is the role of the pineal gland?
Growth, development, circadian rhythms Synthesized melatonin and serotonin
45
What does the pineal gland consist of?
Pinealocytes Neuroglia Calcified granular material (brain sand) - important for readiologically marking midline brain
46
What is cell types of the Thyroid gland?
Follicles - layer of follicular cells (simple cuboidal-columnar epithelium) surrounding colloid
47
What is contained in the colloid? Why is this special?
Thyroglobulin (TGB) Only gland that stores hormone OUTSIDE of cell
48
What is thyroglobulin?
Extracellular storage form of THyroid hormones
49
What are the thyroid hormones?
T3 and T4 (iodine containing hormones)
50
What do T3 and T4 control?
Basal metabolism O2 usage Body temp Etc. Etc.
51
How is thyroglobulin synthesized and excreted?
Synthesized in rER —> Golgi apparatus for glycosylation —> lumen of follicle into colloid
52
Where is thyroglobulin iodinated? What will this cause?
At apical surface Forms T3 and T4 that will be bound to TGB
53
What stimulates the internalization of thyroglobulin from the colloid?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
54
Where is T3 and T4 released into circulation?
At basal surface of follicle cells
55
Where are parafollicular cells? What do they do?
Lie just outside follicles Secrete CALCITONIN when Ca is high
56
What are the actions of calcitonin?
Act to LOWER Ca by: Stimulating secretion by kidneys Decrease osteoclasts = less Ca release Increase osteogenesis by osteoblasts
57
What is the occurrence of Grave’s disease? Who is it more common in?
1:2,000 in US Women
58
What is Grave’s disease caused by?
Oversecretion of T3 and T4 due to abnormal ANTIBODIES stimulating TSH receptors
59
What are the symptoms of Graves’ disease?
``` ‣ Elevated metabolism ‣ Sweating ‣ Rapid heart rate ‣ Weight loss ‣ Protruding eye balls ```
60
What is the common cause of Hypo-thyroidism?
Autoimmune disease that causes follicle cell death
61
What are the symptoms of HYPOthyroidism?
``` ‣ Low metabolic rate ‣ Weight gain ‣ Lethargy ‣ Chilliness ‣ Edema ‣ Mental sluggish ```
62
What are goiters?
Thyroid enlargement
63
What can cause a goiter?
Iodine deficiency | TGB can not be iodinated into Thyroid hormone
64
Where are the parathyroid glands? What do they release?
Small ovoid glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland, usually 2 pairs (can be more) ◦ Release: ‣ Parathyroid hormone
65
What is the role of PTH hormone?
Regulate serum calcium and phosphate levels Released when Ca is LOW
66
What are the 2 prominent cell types in the parathyroid gland? Function of each?
‣ Chief (principle) cells • Release PTH when Ca is low ◦ when blood calcium levels increase, they will inhibit further PTH release ‣ oxyphil cells • Unknown function
67
How does PTH raise the levels of Calcium?
◦ Stimulates osteoclasts to resort bone and release Ca stores ◦ Increases retention of Ca by kidneys ◦ Stimulates kidneys to convert inactive form of Vitamin D to calcitriol (active Vit. D form) ‣ Calcitriol increases Ca absorption by intestines
68
What is the adrenal gland divided into ?
Outer adrenal cortex Inner central adrenal Medulla
69
What is stored in teh adrenal cortex?
Lipids, will have distinctive yellow color
70
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Corticosteroids
71
How is the the adrenal cortex funcitonally divided?
1. Zona Glomerulosa 2. Zone fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis
72
What does the Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex do?
• Influences sodium and potassium levels • Releases ALDOSTERONE ◦ Targets kidney function ◦ Secreted in response to low BP or blood volume ◦ Controlled by Renin-angiotensin system
73
What is the release of ALDOSTERONE controlled by?
Renin-angiotensin system ANGIOTENSIN II
74
What is aldosterone?
Mineralocorticoid
75
What is the function of the ZOna Fasciulata?
Releases CORTISOL to influence glucose metabolism and immune system ◦ Deals w/ stress and mediates glucose metabolism ◦ serves as negative feedback mechanism for immune system (anti-inflamm. Action)
76
What is cortisol? Where is it released?
Glucocorticoid from Zona Fasciculata
77
What is the release of Cortisol under the control of?
ACTH from anterior pituitary
78
What dose the zona reticularis release?
Androgens Cortisol
79
Wha this the funciton of the zona reticularis?
Influences secondary sex characteristics
80
What is the organization of the adrenal medulla?
Consists of large, spherical cells called chromaffin cells
81
What are chromaffin cells?
Cells in adrenal medulla that either secrete epinephrine or norepinephrine
82
What stimulates chromaffin cells?
Sympathetic division of ANS
83
How does Epinephrine compare to Norepinephrine in histology slides?
Epi = lighter bc less electron dense NE = darker bc granules and more electron dense
84
What is Addison’s disease? Caused by?
◦ HYPO secretory disorder in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, cortisol) ‣ Autoimmune disorder or inherited metabolic disease that leads to deficiencies in hormone-producing enzymes
85
What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?
‣ Drop in blood glucose, sodium levels, severe dehydration, low BP, fatigue, loss of appetite
86
What is Cushing’s syndrome? Caused by?
HYPER secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) ‣ due to ACTH secreting pituitary tumor OR tumor in adrenal cortex
87
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome ?
``` !!!‣ High serum glucose levels ‣ Protein loss in muscles !!!‣ Muscle weakness ‣ Lethargy ‣ Swollen face !!!!‣ Fat redistribution (buffalo hump and moon face) !!!!‣ Thinning skin ‣ Depression of immune and inflammatory repsonses ```
88
How are the cells in the exocrine portion of the pancreas organized compared to the endocrine portion?
Exocrine: organized into Pancreatic ACINI Endocrine: organized into clusters called Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)
89
What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas do?
Aids in digestion
90
What are the cells found in the endocrine portion of the Pancreas?
Alpha Beta Delta F-cell
91
What hormone is associated with the ALPHA cells of the Endocrine Pancreas?
Glucagon
92
What hormone is associated with the BETA cells of the Endocrine Pancreas?
Insulin
93
What hormone is associated with the DELTA cells of the Endocrine Pancreas?
Somatostatin
94
What hormone is associated with the F-CELLS of the Endocrine Pancreas?
Pancreatic polypeptide
95
When do alpha cells release glucagon? Function?
When blood glucose is LOW Will stimulate release of glucose from liver glycogen stores
96
When do BETA cells release INSULIN? Function?
* Released when blood glucose levels are HIGH | * Promotes glycogen storeage in liver and entry into cells
97
When do DELTA cells release SOMATOSTATIN? Function?
* Released when high levels of nutrients in blood stream * Slows release of insulin and glucagon, controlling rate of nutrient entry into bloodstream and cells Aka Growth Hormone INHIBITING hormone
98
What is the function F-CELLS releasing PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE?
Inhibit release of somatostatin | allows GH to work
99
What is the blood supply of the Pancreas?
Insuloacinar portal system Acinar vascular system
100
What is the insuloacinar portal system made from? Supply?
Network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelial cells formed by afferent arterioles Supply Islet of langerhans Leaving islet will supply pancreatic acini
101
What does the inusloacinar portal system enable the endocrine pancreas to do?
Allows local action on exocrine pancreas by hormones produced in islet
102
What is the acinar vascular system? What does it supply?
Independent arterial system Supplies pancreatic acini

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