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Histology Of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system influence the physiological functions of organs?

Nervous system?

A

Uses chemicals/hormones distributed to body by CV system

Uses membrane depolarization and transmission of a signal from synapses

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2
Q

How does the communication and duration of effects differ from the Endocrine system to the Nervous system?

A

Endocrine: slow communicaiton, longer effects

Nervous: fast communication, short effects

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3
Q

How are endocrine glands organized?

A

Epithelial cells arranged as cords/follicles

And well vascularized w/ fenestrated endothelium

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4
Q

What 3 stimuli control hormonal release?

A

Humoral
Neuronal
Hormonal

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5
Q

What does humoral stimuli do?

A

Controls hormonal release by monitoring levels of IONS and NUTRIENTS in blood and body fluids

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6
Q

What kind of stimuli releases PTH when Ca is low?

A

Humoral stimuli

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7
Q

What does neuronal stimuli do?

A

Sends nerve signals to release hormones

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8
Q

What kind of stimuli release Epinephrine from the adrenal gland in response to sympathetic NERVE stimulation?

A

Neuronal stimuli

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9
Q

What does hormonal stimuli do?

A

Causes release of hormones by other endocrine organ/cell thru ANOTHER HORMONE secreted in blood

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10
Q

What kind of stimuli is it that releases T3,T4 front hyroid gland upon receiving TSH from pituitary?

A

Hormonal stimuli

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11
Q

What are the direct targets of Hypothalamic hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary
Kidney
Uterus
Adrenal medulla

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12
Q

What are hypothalamic hormones?

A

Tropic hormones
ADH
Oxytocin

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13
Q

Where is oxytocin and ADH released from?

A

Posterior Pituitary

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14
Q

How is the adrenal medulla stimulated by hypothalmus?

A

Thru sympathetic innervation because hypothalmus oversees the ANS

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15
Q

What are the indirect targets of hypothalamic hormones?

How does it act indirectly?

A

Tropic hormones will stimulate anterior pituitary gland and indirectly target

Thyroid gland
Adrenal cortex
Mammary gland
Gonads
Bones
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16
Q

What is the anteiror pituitary also known as?

Consists of what % of pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

80%

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17
Q

What kind of cells are found in the anterior pituitary?

What controls them?

A

Glandular epithelial cells

Controlled by hypothalamic hormones

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18
Q

What 3 parts does the anterior pituitary consist of?

A

Pars tuberalis

Pars intermedia

Pars distalis

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19
Q

What cells are found in Pars distalis?

A

Acidphils
Basophils
Chromophobes
Sinusoidal (fenestrated caps)

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20
Q

What cells are found in the pars intermedia?

A

Small basophils

Colloid filled follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

What is commonly seen in the pars intermedia?

A

Cleft that is remnant of lumen of Rathke’s pouch

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22
Q

What is the posterior pituitary also known as?

A

Neurohypophysis

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23
Q

What makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

Axons from hypothalmaus and support cells that carry ADH and oxytocin for storage and release

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24
Q

What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

Infundibular stalk

Pars nervosa

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25
Q

What cells does the Pars nervosa consists of?

A

Hypothalamic unmyelinated axons

Herring bodies

Pituicytes

Fenestrated capillaries

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26
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

Expanded axonal nerve terminals in Pars Nervosa that stores ADH/oxytocin

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27
Q

What two major cell types are found in the anterior pitutiary?

A

Acidphils

Basophils

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28
Q

What cells fall under the acidphil category?

A

Somatotopic cells (GH)

Mammotropic cells (Prolactin)

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29
Q

What do somatotopic cells secrete?

A

GH

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30
Q

What do mammotropic cells secrete? Purpose?

A

Prolactin

Stimulates milk production

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31
Q

What cells fall under the category of Basophils?

A

Thyrotropin cells (TSH)

Corticoptropic cells (ACTH & MSH)

Gonadotrophs cells (FSH & LH)

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32
Q

What do thyrotropin cells secrete?

Purpose?

A

TSH

Regulates thyroid gland secretion

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33
Q

What do corticotropic cells secrete?

A

ACTH (Adenocorticotropic hormone)
-stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete stress hormones and mediate metabolism

MSH (melanocytes stimulating hormone)
-stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

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34
Q

What do Gonadotropic cells secrete?

Purpose?

A

FSH

LH

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35
Q

What is the pars nervosa continuous with? How/

A

With median eminence of hypothalamus

Via infundibular stalk

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36
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two capillary plexuses connected by veins

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37
Q

What is the blood supply between the hypothalmus and pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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38
Q

What is the flow of blood thru the Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A
  1. Hypothalamic neurons release tropic hormones in to primary capillary plexus
  2. Hormones thru portal veins to anterior pituitary
  3. Ant. Pit.secretes hormones into SEcondary capillary plexus
  4. Released into general circulation
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39
Q

What are the hormones that the anterior pituitary releases?

A 
GH
PRL
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
MSH
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40
Q

How do hypothalamic neurons get to Posterior Pituitary?

A
  1. Hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin or adh
  2. Oxy and ADH transported down axons of hypothalmohypophyseal tract to posterior pituitary
  3. Stored in HErring bodies @ post. Pit.
  4. Nerve impulses arrive, release ADH and Oxy into blood
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41
Q

What does ADH target and do?

A

Targets kidney

Regulates Na and Water retention

42
Q

What does oxytocin target and do?

A

Targets uterine smooth muscle

Stimulates lactation; induces birth
Sexual arousal; pair and social bonding

43
Q

What is the pineal gland covered with?

A

Pia mater

44
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A

Growth, development, circadian rhythms

Synthesized melatonin and serotonin

45
Q

What does the pineal gland consist of?

A

Pinealocytes

Neuroglia

Calcified granular material (brain sand) - important for readiologically marking midline brain

46
Q

What is cell types of the Thyroid gland?

A

Follicles - layer of follicular cells (simple cuboidal-columnar epithelium) surrounding colloid

47
Q

What is contained in the colloid?

Why is this special?

A

Thyroglobulin (TGB)

Only gland that stores hormone OUTSIDE of cell

48
Q

What is thyroglobulin?

A

Extracellular storage form of THyroid hormones

49
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4 (iodine containing hormones)

50
Q

What do T3 and T4 control?

A

Basal metabolism
O2 usage
Body temp

Etc. Etc.

51
Q

How is thyroglobulin synthesized and excreted?

A

Synthesized in rER —> Golgi apparatus for glycosylation —> lumen of follicle into colloid

52
Q

Where is thyroglobulin iodinated?

What will this cause?

A

At apical surface

Forms T3 and T4 that will be bound to TGB

53
Q

What stimulates the internalization of thyroglobulin from the colloid?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

54
Q

Where is T3 and T4 released into circulation?

A

At basal surface of follicle cells

55
Q

Where are parafollicular cells?

What do they do?

A

Lie just outside follicles

Secrete CALCITONIN when Ca is high

56
Q

What are the actions of calcitonin?

A

Act to LOWER Ca by:

Stimulating secretion by kidneys
Decrease osteoclasts = less Ca release
Increase osteogenesis by osteoblasts

57
Q

What is the occurrence of Grave’s disease?

Who is it more common in?

A

1:2,000 in US

Women

58
Q

What is Grave’s disease caused by?

A

Oversecretion of T3 and T4 due to abnormal ANTIBODIES stimulating TSH receptors

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Graves’ disease?

A 
‣ Elevated metabolism
		‣ Sweating
		‣ Rapid heart rate
		‣ Weight loss
		‣ Protruding eye balls
60
Q

What is the common cause of Hypo-thyroidism?

A

Autoimmune disease that causes follicle cell death

61
Q

What are the symptoms of HYPOthyroidism?

A 
‣ Low metabolic rate
		‣ Weight gain
		‣ Lethargy
		‣ Chilliness
		‣ Edema 
		‣ Mental sluggish
62
Q

What are goiters?

A

Thyroid enlargement

63
Q

What can cause a goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency

TGB can not be iodinated into Thyroid hormone

64
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

What do they release?

A

Small ovoid glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland, usually 2 pairs (can be more)

◦ Release: 
	‣ Parathyroid hormone
65
Q

What is the role of PTH hormone?

A

Regulate serum calcium and phosphate levels

Released when Ca is LOW

66
Q

What are the 2 prominent cell types in the parathyroid gland?

Function of each?

A

‣ Chief (principle) cells
• Release PTH when Ca is low
◦ when blood calcium levels increase, they will inhibit further PTH release

‣ oxyphil cells
• Unknown function

67
Q

How does PTH raise the levels of Calcium?

A

◦ Stimulates osteoclasts to resort bone and release Ca stores
◦ Increases retention of Ca by kidneys
◦ Stimulates kidneys to convert inactive form of Vitamin D to calcitriol (active Vit. D form)
‣ Calcitriol increases Ca absorption by intestines

68
Q

What is the adrenal gland divided into ?

A

Outer adrenal cortex

Inner central adrenal Medulla

69
Q

What is stored in teh adrenal cortex?

A

Lipids, will have distinctive yellow color

70
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Corticosteroids

71
Q

How is the the adrenal cortex funcitonally divided?

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa
  2. Zone fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
72
Q

What does the Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex do?

A

• Influences sodium and potassium levels
• Releases ALDOSTERONE
◦ Targets kidney function
◦ Secreted in response to low BP or blood volume
◦ Controlled by Renin-angiotensin system

73
Q

What is the release of ALDOSTERONE controlled by?

A

Renin-angiotensin system

ANGIOTENSIN II

74
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

75
Q

What is the function of the ZOna Fasciulata?

A

Releases CORTISOL to influence glucose metabolism and immune system

◦ Deals w/ stress and mediates glucose metabolism
◦ serves as negative feedback mechanism for immune system (anti-inflamm. Action)

76
Q

What is cortisol? Where is it released?

A

Glucocorticoid from Zona Fasciculata

77
Q

What is the release of Cortisol under the control of?

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary

78
Q

What dose the zona reticularis release?

A

Androgens

Cortisol

79
Q

Wha this the funciton of the zona reticularis?

A

Influences secondary sex characteristics

80
Q

What is the organization of the adrenal medulla?

A

Consists of large, spherical cells called chromaffin cells

81
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Cells in adrenal medulla that either secrete epinephrine or norepinephrine

82
Q

What stimulates chromaffin cells?

A

Sympathetic division of ANS

83
Q

How does Epinephrine compare to Norepinephrine in histology slides?

A

Epi = lighter bc less electron dense

NE = darker bc granules and more electron dense

84
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

Caused by?

A

◦ HYPO secretory disorder in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, cortisol)

	‣ Autoimmune disorder or inherited metabolic disease that leads to deficiencies in hormone-producing enzymes
85
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A

‣ Drop in blood glucose, sodium levels, severe dehydration, low BP, fatigue, loss of appetite

86
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Caused by?

A

HYPER secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

	‣ due to ACTH secreting pituitary tumor OR tumor in adrenal cortex
87
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome ?

A 
!!!‣ High serum glucose levels 
‣ Protein loss in muscles
	!!!‣ Muscle weakness
‣ Lethargy
‣ Swollen face
		!!!!‣ Fat redistribution (buffalo hump and moon face) 
		!!!!‣ Thinning skin 
‣ Depression of immune and inflammatory repsonses
88
Q

How are the cells in the exocrine portion of the pancreas organized compared to the endocrine portion?

A

Exocrine: organized into Pancreatic ACINI

Endocrine: organized into clusters called Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

89
Q

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas do?

A

Aids in digestion

90
Q

What are the cells found in the endocrine portion of the Pancreas?

A

Alpha

Beta

Delta

F-cell

91
Q

What hormone is associated with the ALPHA cells of the Endocrine Pancreas?

A

Glucagon

92
Q

What hormone is associated with the BETA cells of the Endocrine Pancreas?

A

Insulin

93
Q

What hormone is associated with the DELTA cells of the Endocrine Pancreas?

A

Somatostatin

94
Q

What hormone is associated with the F-CELLS of the Endocrine Pancreas?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

95
Q

When do alpha cells release glucagon?

Function?

A

When blood glucose is LOW

Will stimulate release of glucose from liver glycogen stores

96
Q

When do BETA cells release INSULIN?

Function?

A
  • Released when blood glucose levels are HIGH

* Promotes glycogen storeage in liver and entry into cells

97
Q

When do DELTA cells release SOMATOSTATIN?

Function?

A
  • Released when high levels of nutrients in blood stream
  • Slows release of insulin and glucagon, controlling rate of nutrient entry into bloodstream and cells

Aka Growth Hormone INHIBITING hormone

98
Q

What is the function F-CELLS releasing PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE?

A

Inhibit release of somatostatin

allows GH to work

99
Q

What is the blood supply of the Pancreas?

A

Insuloacinar portal system

Acinar vascular system

100
Q

What is the insuloacinar portal system made from?

Supply?

A

Network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelial cells formed by afferent arterioles

Supply Islet of langerhans
Leaving islet will supply pancreatic acini

101
Q

What does the inusloacinar portal system enable the endocrine pancreas to do?

A

Allows local action on exocrine pancreas by hormones produced in islet

102
Q

What is the acinar vascular system?

What does it supply?

A

Independent arterial system

Supplies pancreatic acini

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