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Auditory Pathways And Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first order neuron in the auditory pathways?

A

Primary afferent CN 8 Cochlear Part

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2
Q

Why do we not define second and third order neurons for Auditory Pathways?

A

Bc they cross over so much

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3
Q

What happens if there is a lesion to the auditory pathways?

A

Deafness does NOT occur

Bc so much crossing over

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4
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent cranial VIII cochlear part?

Where do they enter the brainstem?

What do they do after that?

A

Spiral ganglion

Pontomedullary junction

Divide into ascending and descending bundles

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5
Q

Where do the ascending bundles of the primary afferent CN8 nerve synpase?

A

In cochlear nuclei

Anterior —> ant. Subdivision of VENTRAL cochlear nucleus

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6
Q

Where do the descending bundles of the primary afferent CN8 nerve synpase?

A

In cochlear nuclei

Desc. —>
posterior subdivision of VENTRAL cochlear nucleus
& in
DORSAL cochlear nucleus

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7
Q

Where is monoaural info routed to?

A

Contralateral side

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8
Q

What is conveyed thru Monoaural info?

A

Info about sounds at a SINGLE ear

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9
Q

What is the monoaural tract?

A

Dorsal cochlear nucleus (cell bodies here)
—-> cross via dorsal acoustic stria
—> Contra. LL
—> Inferior colliculus (where nuclei of LL is)
—> brachium of inferior collilicus
—> Medial Geniculate nucleus
—> Sublenticular limb of internal capsule
—> layer 4 of Primary auditory cortex

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10
Q

What are 2 other names for the primary auditory cortex?

A

Heschl’s gyrus

Anterior transverse temporal gyrus

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11
Q

What info does the binaural tracts convey?

A

Info about different sounds at BOTH ears

Differences allow localization and comparison of sounds

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12
Q

What is the pathway for binaural tracts?

A

Binaural info —> central pathways (receive compare and transmit this input)

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13
Q

What is the pathway for Binaural tracts?

A 
Ventral cochlear nuclei 
—> trapezoid body
—> superior olivary nuclei (medial and lateral) 
—> Ascend BILATERALLY in LL 
—> Inferior colliculus 
—> Brachium of IC
—> MGN 
—> layer 4 of primary auditory cortex
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14
Q

Broadly, what is the blood supply to the cochlea and auditory nuclei of pons and medulla?

A

Basilar a.

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15
Q

What is the internal auditory artery a branch of?

What is the other name for it?

A

AICA

Labyrinthine A.

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16
Q

What does the internal auditory a. Supply?

A

Inner ear

Cochlear nuclei

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17
Q

What results from an occlusion of AICA?

A

Monaural hearing loss ipsilaterally

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18
Q

What happens if there is a lesion to the internal auditory A.?

A

Fibers of facial nerve could be damaged

Fibers of pontine gaze center (horiz.) could also be damaged

Monaural hearing loss ipsilaterally
Facial paralysis ipsilaterally
Unable to look TOWARD side of lesion

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19
Q

What supplies the superior olivary complex and LL?

A

Short circumferential branches of the Basilar A.

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20
Q

What supplies the inferior colliculus?

A

Superior cerebellar A.

Quadrigeminal arteries

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21
Q

What supplies the medial geniculate bodies?

A

Thalamogeniculate arteries

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22
Q

What supplies the primary auditory and association cortices?

A

M2 segment of the MCA

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23
Q

What causes conduction deafness?

Result?

A

Obstructed or altered transformation of sound to tympanic membrane or thru ossicle chain

Deficit in hearing

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24
Q

What causes sensorineural deafness?

Results in?

A

Damage to cochlea (hair cells etc), cochlear part of CN 8 or to cochlear nuclei

IPSILATERAL deafness

25
Q

What causes central “deafness” ?

Results in?

A

Damage to central pathways (supeiror olivary nucleus and up)

Trouble localizing sounds
Unable to focus on sound stimuli

(WILL NOT BE DEAF)

26
Q

What constitutes the Central pathway?

A

Superior olivary nucleus and up

27
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to identify an object despite being able to perceive it

28
Q

What is auditory agnosia?

Example?

A

Inability to describe a sound that has been heard

Fire alarm sounds, but unable to identify it as that

29
Q

What cause auditory agnosia?

A

Lesion to

Unimodal sensory association cortex BILATERALLY

30
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere for language?

A

Left (in 94-95% of adults)

31
Q

What is wernicke’s area for?

A

COMPREHENSION of Spoken and written language

Word representation

Word retrieval

32
Q

What is Broca’s Area responsible for?

A

Language output, production of speech, GRAMMAR, word processing, articulation

33
Q

What is the area analogous to wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Interpreting nonverbal signals from other people

I.e. body language

34
Q

What is the area analogous to Broca’s area responsible for?

A

For producing non-verbal communication like

Emotional gestures
Intonation of speech

35
Q

If the Areas Analogous to Wernicke’s and Broca’s are damaged, what is the result?

A

People will take things literally

Will not pick up on body language nuances, gestures, sarcasm

“Won’t get the joke”

36
Q

What is the pathway for language?

Which 2 steps do you not need to language but for reading?

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
  2. Auditory association cortex
  3. Wernicke’s
  4. Subcortical connections (arcuate fasciculations)
  5. Broca’s
  6. Sensorimotor cortex

Do not need steps 1 or 2 (language does not depend on vision or auditory input)

37
Q

What is the role of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Auditory discrimination

38
Q

What is the role of the auditory association cortex?

A

Classify sounds

Language vs other sounds

39
Q

What is the role of the Subcortical Connections?

A

Arcuate fasciculations link wernicke’s and Broca’s area

Allow for WORD REPETITION

40
Q

What is the role of the sensorimotor cortex (dorsal pre-motor cortex) in language?

A

Cortical output to speech muscles

41
Q

What is the role of the the Lateral Temporal Cortex in Language?

A

Semantic knowledge (if sentence makes sense)

Word recognition (meaning)

42
Q

What is the visual cortex for in language pathway?

A

Visual word form

Allows you to see how letters come together to form different words

43
Q

What are other names for broca’s aphasia?

A

Expressive aphasia

Non-fluent aphasia

44
Q

How does Broca’s Aphasia present?

A 
Can’t speak fluently
Can understand written and spoken language
Should habitual phrases used
Slow, labored speech
Non-essential words are omitted

If severe enough = can’t speak, Mutism

45
Q

What lesion could cause Broca’s aphasia?

A

Lesion to left inferior frontal gyrus

46
Q

What else is Wernicke’s aphasia known as?

A

Receptive or fluent aphasia

47
Q

How does Wernicke’s aphasia present?

A

Cannot understand language
Expression if fine

Cannot read
Cannot write comprehensibly
Has fluent, paraphasic speech

CANNOT REPEAT

48
Q

What is alexia?

A

Inability to write

49
Q

What is agraphia?

A

Inability to write comprehensible language

50
Q

What is fluent paraphasic speech?

A

Fluent speech but with made up words

51
Q

What lesion could result in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Lesion to

Left superior temporal gyrus (Broca’s= inf.)
Inferior parietal lobule
Posterior middle temporal gyrus

52
Q

What is global aphasia?

Presents w/?

Caused by?

A

Type of non fluent aphasia

Receptive and expressive deficits
Impaired reading and writing

Lesion of lateral sulcus due to massive stroke

53
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

Presents with?

Due to lesion of?

A

Type of fluent aphasia

CANT REPEAT (like wernicke’s) but but but
CAN COMPREHEND (unlike wernicke’s)
Fluent
Reading intact
Writing impaired
Speech interrupted by word finding difficulties

Lesion of supramarginal gyrus and ARCUATE FASCICULUS

54
Q

How does transcortical sensory aphasia present?

A

~similar to Wernicke’s~

Fluent
Impaired comprehension
Impaired naming
CAN REPEAT

55
Q

What causes trans cortical sensory aphasia?

A

MCA - PCA border zone infarction

56
Q

How does Transcortical Motor Aphasia present?

A

~similar to broca’s~

Nonfluent
Normal comprehension
Normal naming
GRAMMAR IS OKAY THO

57
Q

What causes a transcortical motor aphasia?

A

ACA- MCA border zone infarction

58
Q

What is mixed transcortical aphasia?

A

Not fluent (Broca/motor)
Unable to comprehend (wernicke’s/sensory)
Able to repeat (Sensory)

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