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DSA Hypothalamic And Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the hypothalamus come from embyrologically?

A

Diencephalon

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2
Q

What info does the hypothalamus integrate?

A

Info from

Forebrain
Brainstem
Spinal cord 
ANS 
Hormones from blood (etc.)
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3
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Maintenance of homeostasis

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4
Q

What is homeostasis require control over?

A 
Water and electrolyte balance
Food intake
Temperature
BP 
Circadian rhythm 
Stress response
Body metabolism
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5
Q

Where is the location of hypothalamus?

A

Surround 3rd ventricle - forms the floor and wall of it

Anterior to optic chiasm

Posterior hypothalamus merges onto tegmentum and PAG (midbrain)

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6
Q

What is the hypothalamus continuous through?

A

Continuous through infundibulum stalk w/ posterior pituitary

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7
Q

What are the structures of the hypothalamsu?

A

Mammillary bodies
Tuber cinereum
Median eminence

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8
Q

What part of the hypothalamus do the mammillary bodies form?

A

Posterior part

Adj. to cerebral peduncles

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9
Q

What is the Tuber Cinereum

A

Section b/w mammillary bodies and optic chiasm/tract

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10
Q

What does the median eminence come from?

What will is narrow into?

A

From tuber cinereum

Narrows into infundibulum

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11
Q

How are hypothalamic nuclei divided?

A

Longitudinally into anterior, tuberal, and mammillary region

Medially and laterally by the fornix

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12
Q

What does the tuberal region of the hypothalamic nuclei contain?

A

Tuber cinereum

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13
Q

What does the posterior or mammillary region of the Hypothalamic Nuclei include?

A

Includes the mammillary bodies

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14
Q

What is in the Periventricular zone of the hypothalamic nuclei?

A

PAG thru the third ventricle

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15
Q

What does the fornix do in terms of divisions?

A

Divides remainder of hypothalamus into medial and lateral zones

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16
Q

How are neurons arranged in the lateral zone of the hypothalamus?

What does it contain?

A

Diffusely arranged

Medial forebrain bundle

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17
Q

What will a lesion to the lateral zone of the hypothalamus cause?

A

Decrease in feeding behavior

—> weight loss

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18
Q

What other regions are contained in the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior, tuberal and posterior regions

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19
Q

How are the neurons arranged int he medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Into distinct nuclei

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20
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypothalamus?

A

Perforating arteries form Circle of Willis

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21
Q

What serves the anteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

Branches from ACA (A1)

Anterior communicating a.

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22
Q

What is the anteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

Preoptic area
Supraoptic region
Septal nuclei
Rostral portions of the lateral hypothalamic areas

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23
Q

What is the blood supply to the posteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

PCA -P1

Posterior communicating a.

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24
Q

What is included in the Posteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

Tuberal region (Rostral post. Comm. a.)

Mammillary region (caudal post. Comm. a.)

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25
Q

What nuclei are found in the supraoptic region?

Supraoptic = anterior

A

Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Anterior nucleus

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26
Q

What nuclei are found int he posteiror/mammillary region?

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

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27
Q

What nuclei are found in the tuberal region?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

Dorsomedial nucleus

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28
Q

What does the Supraoptic/Paraventricular nucleus contain?

What will it release to?

A

Oxytocin (SO)
ADH (PVN) -vasopressin

—> posterior pituitary

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29
Q

What will a lesion to the supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus cause?

A

Diabetes insipidis (DI)

Increased H20

Increased urination

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30
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus receive input from?

What does it help regulate?

A

Input from retina

Involved w/ circadian rhythms

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31
Q

What will a lesion to the suprachiasmatic nucleus cause?

A

Modification or abolishment of circadian rhythms

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32
Q

What is the function of the anterior nucleus?

A

Visceral/somatic function

Temperature regulation

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33
Q

What does the medial mammillary nucleus receive and send info from/to?

A

Afferents from hippocampus via fornix

Efferents to thalamus and Brainstem

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34
Q

What will a lesion to the medial mammillary nucleus cause?

A

Inability to process short term events

Into long term memory

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35
Q

What is the role of the Ventromedial nucleus of the tuberal region?

A

Satiety center

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36
Q

What will a lesion of the ventromedial nucleus cause?

A

Excessive eating —> abnormal weight gain

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37
Q

What is the role of the Dorsomedial nucleus of the Tuberal Region?

A

Subserves functions of emotional behavior

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38
Q

What will stimulation of the Dorsomedial nucleus of the Tuberal region cause?

A

Sham rage

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39
Q

What will a lesion to the Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Tuberal region cause?

A

Decreased aggression and feeding

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40
Q

What is the largest single input to the hypothalamus?

A

Subiculum and hippocampus thru Fornix

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41
Q

What does the Medial Forebrain bundle (MFB) interconnect?

What will it go thru?

A

Septal nuclei
Hypothalamus
Midbrain tegmentum

Thru lateral hypothalamic zone

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42
Q

What goes thru amygdalohypothalamic fibers?

What is the target?

A

Stria terminalis and Ventral Amygdalofugal pathways

Targets:
Septal nuclei
Preoptic area
Medial hypothalamic zone of hypothalamus

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43
Q

What are the 2 efferent routes coming from the Hypothalamus?

A

Mammillary Fasciculus

Hypothalamothalamic fibers

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44
Q

Where does the mammillary fasciculus come from?

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

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45
Q

What will the mammillary fasciculus bifurcate into?

A

Mammillothalamic tract

Mammillotegmental tract

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46
Q

What is the path of the efferent Mammillothalamic tract?

What circuit is this an important part of?

A

—> Anterior nucleus

Circuit of papez

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47
Q

Where does the Mammillotegmental Tract go to?

A

Brainstem nuclei in tegmental areas

48
Q

What is the origin and destination of the efferent Hypothalamothalamic fibers?

A

Origin: lateral preoptic area

Destination: 
Dorsomedial nucleus (Thalamus) 
Amygdaloid nucleus (via stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway)
49
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the Pituitary gland?

A

Posterior lobe via Supraoptic Hypophyseal tract

Anterior lobe via Tuberoinfundibular Tract

50
Q

What is the supraoptic hypophyseal tract made of?

A

axons of neurons in Supraoptic Nucleus (SON) & Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)

51
Q

What will the supraoptic hypophyseal tract produce?

A

Oxytocin(SO)

ADH (PVN)

52
Q

What does the Supraoptic hypophyseal tract store oxytocin and ADH in ?

A

Herring bodies

53
Q

How is oxytocin and ADH released by the Supraoptic hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary?

A

Released in capillary plexus of posterior pituitary

54
Q

What does the tuberoinfundibular tract receive input from?

A

neurons in periventricular zone, PVN and others (“Hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons”)

55
Q

What will the Tuberoinfundibular tract release to the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Releasing hormone to

Median eminence & Infundibulum

56
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Hormonal fluctuations secondary to light-dark cycles

57
Q

What does the SCN do re: Circadian rhythms?

A

Opposes drive for sleep

Essential for timing of rest vs. activity

58
Q

How does the SCN influence the circadian rhythm?

A

Cells maintain 24 hour day time frame via transcription/translation control of the CIRCADIAN GENES

Gene products indirectly CONTROL MELATONIN (pineal gland)

59
Q

When will gene products increase melatonin secretion?

A

Just prior to normal sleep slight

60
Q

What does the melatonin secretion do re: SCN?

A

Acts as internal indicator of circadian time

Feedbacks to SCN

61
Q

What are the Hypothalamus’ 2 direct links to the ANS?

A

Hypothalamomedullary fibers

Hypothalmospinal fibers

62
Q

Where will hypothalamomedullary fibers go?

A

Solitary nucleus

Dorsal Vaal motor nucleus

Nucleus Ambiguus

63
Q

Where will hypothalamospinal fibers go?

A

Intermediolateral cell column of GVE preganglionics

64
Q

What happens if there is a lesion in the anterolateral medulla?

A

Hypothalamomedullary fibers
Hypothalamospinal fibers
Are disrupted

Sympathetic outflow disrupted to face and head or body
(Horner’s Syndrome)

65
Q

What is the indirect link of the Hypothalamus to the ANS?

A

Posterior longitudinal fasciculus

Mammillotegmental tract

66
Q

Where will the indirect links of the hypothalamus to the ANS go?

A

To PAG and then to visceral areas of brainstem

Solitary and dorsal motor vagal nuclei

67
Q

What are the characteristics of the Hypothalamus’ indirect links to the ANS?

A

Short tracts that influence autonomic nuclei in brainstem

68
Q

What does the Limbic system consist of?

A 
Subcallosal area
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus
Hippocampal formation
Subcortical nuclei
69
Q

What do connections of the Limbic system influence?

A

Behavior

Memory

Pain perception

70
Q

What will happen to the Limbic system with age?

A

Will actually change

One of the few gray areas to do so

71
Q

What is the Papez circuit ?

A

An anatomicophysiologic mechanism for emotion

72
Q

What gyrus is crucial in the Papez circuit?

A

Cingulate gyrus

73
Q

What is the role of the hippocampal formation?

A

Learning and memory

74
Q

What does the hippocampal formation contain?

A

Hippocampus
Subiculum
Entorhinal cortex
Dentate gyrus

75
Q

What is the subiculum?

A

Transitional area b/w hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

76
Q

What are the sub fields of the hippocampus ?

A

CA1
Ca2
CA3
CA4

77
Q

What is the afferent pathway of the hippocampus?

A

Dentate gyrus —> CA3 —> CA1 —> subiculum

C2, c4 = modulators

78
Q

What is the efferent pathway of the hippocampus?

A

Subiculum —> fornix —> nuclei

Medial mammillary nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Anterior nucleus

(Also to septal nuclei, frontal cortex, preoptic, and anterior nuclei, nucleus accumbens)

79
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus receive info from and send info to?

A

Receive afferents from thalamus and cortex

Send efferents to entorhinal cortex via cingulum

80
Q

Where is the septal region?

What does it control?

A

Small area above anterior commissure

Controls rage behavior

81
Q

What is the medial Forebrain bundle?

What is the role of the MFB?

A

A group of DA fibers that go from anterior to posterior thru lateral hypothalamic area

Conduit for septal nuclei and hypothalamus to communicate with brainstem

82
Q

Where is the nucleus accumbens located?

A

In rostral and ventral forebrain;

Where head of caudate nucleus and putamen are continuous

83
Q

What does the Nucleus accumbens receive input from?

Send efferents to?

A

Afferents from
Amygdala and Hippocampus

Efferents to
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Globus pallidus

84
Q

What is the role of the nucleus accumbens?

A

Regulates behaviors related to addiction and chronic pain

85
Q

What is the role of the papez circuit?

A

Modulates feelings (fear, anxiety, sadness, happiness, etc. )

86
Q

What is the path of the Papez circuit?

A

Cingulate gyrus
—> hippocampal formation (Subiculum&entorhinal cortex)
—> fornix
—> medial mammillary nuclei
—> anterior nucleus via mammillothalamic tract
—> cingulate gyrus

87
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Encoded the motivation and emotional connotations of experiences

88
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

Deep and medially within the temporal lobe

89
Q

What does the amygdala receive afferent info from?

A 
‣ Inferior temporal association cortex
‣ Thalamus
‣ Septum
‣ Olfacotry tract
‣ Brainstem
90
Q

What does the amygdala project to?

A

Hypothalamus and basal ganglia (via stria terminalis)

Hypothalamus, septal nuclei, frontal/prefrontal/cingulate/insular cortices
&
Brainstem to end of visceral nuclei and raphe nuclei (via ventral amygdalofugal pathway)

91
Q

Where is the ventral tegmental area?

A

Medial to substantia nigra

92
Q

What nuerons does the VTA contain?

A

Lots of Dopaminergic neurons

93
Q

What does the VTA form connections with?

A

Ventral striatum
Amygdala
Etc.

94
Q

What does the VTA send efferent to?

What will this play a role in?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

Role in reward & motivation, contribution to addition

95
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of smell

96
Q

What can cause anosmia?

What is the outcome typically?

A 
Viral infection of olfactory mucosa
Obstruction of nasal passages
Congenital defects
Lesion of CN1
Tumors in floor of anterior cranial fossa

Will not recover sense of smell

97
Q

What is Phantosmia or Olfactory hallucinations?

A

Distortion in smell experience, or perception of smell when there is no odor present

98
Q

What causes Phantosmia?

A

Abnormal sequence of neuron activity

Possibly from LESION at...
anterior/medial temporal lobe, 
hippocampus, 
amygdala, 
medial dorsal Thalamic nuclei
99
Q

What is hippocampal amnesia?

A

Deficit in anterograde episodic memory

100
Q

What causes hippocampal amnesia?

A

Bilateral lesions of hippocampi

101
Q

What are the outcomes of Hippocampal amnesia?

A

Cannot learn new material

Procedural and working memory still ok

IQ and formal reasoning ~Normal

102
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome caused by?

A

Thiamine deficiency from chronic alcoholism or poor diet

103
Q

What happens to brain anatomy in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Degeneration of mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex & dorsomedial Thalamic nucleus

104
Q

how does Korsakoff’s syndrome manifest?

A

Cannot retain newly acquire memory (short term doesn’t go to long term)

Difficulty learning new tasks and transforming into long memory

Difficulty understanding written material and conducting meaningful conversation

Confabulation by patient

105
Q

What is confabulation?

What syndrome is this seen in?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Combine fragmented memories into a memory of an event that never occurred

106
Q

What does Kluver Bucy syndrome result from?

A

Bilateral lesions of temporal lobe that destroy amygdaloid complex

107
Q

What behavioral changes are associated with Kluver Bucy Syndrome?

A

Hyperorality

Hypermetamorphosis

Hypersexuality

(Also, visual agnosia, placidity, hyperphagia)

108
Q

What is hyperorality?

A

Tendency to examine objects by mouth

109
Q

What is hypermetamorphosis?

A

Tendency to intensely explore immediate environment or overreact to visual stimuli

110
Q

What is hypersexuality?

A

Suggestive behavior and talk, attempts at sexual contact

111
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Cannot recognize objects by sight

112
Q

Wha this Placidity?

A

No fear or anger where it would be appropriate

113
Q

What is hyperphagia?

A

Eating in excess even when not hungry or when objects are not food

114
Q

What is an Uncal Herniation?

Caused by?

A

When the uncus and parahippocampal gyrus extrudes over edge of tentorium cerebelli

Hemorrhagic lesion or tumor in hemisphere

115
Q

What can an uncal herniation do to surrounding anatomy?

A

Compress midbrain

And if untreated, damage could extend into lower brainstem levels

116
Q

What are the symptoms of an Uncal Herniation?

A

CN3 palsy IPSILATERAL to herniation
(Dilated pupil, down and out eye, double vision)

CST Contralateral to herniation
(Weakness in extremities)

Could progress and hit respiratory centers, cause abnormal reflexes, and a rapid decline

..3 (16 decks)

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