Thermoregulation Flashcards
What is 98.6 in C?
37
What is 100.4 in C?
Significance?
38
number we think when someone is starting to be febrile
104 in C?
40 Danger zone!
How to convert C to F?
Celsius x9/5 +32= F
39 x 9= 351
351 divided by 5= 70.2
70.2 + 32= 102.2 degrees F
How can we take a bladder temp?
They have catheters with thermostats in them
Surface measurement temps instead of core?
Axillary
Skin of the forehead
(with hand?)
How is body temp controlled?
Balancing Heat Production Against Heat Loss
Heat production is greater than heat loss =
rise in body temp
What the control center for temp and what does it do?
(hypothalamus): Determines the “set point” which is range at which variable is maintained
What is a receptor?
sensors that monitor environment & responds to changes
Whats an effector?
Means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus
What is metabolism determined by?
2 and then 5
- Basal rate of metabolism of all cells of the body
- Extra rate of metabolism caused by:
- Muscle activity (including shivering)
- Thyroxine
- Effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine and sympathetic stimulation of cells- speed things up/producing heat
- Increased chemical activity in the cells themselves
- Metabolism needed for digestion, absorption and storage of foods
When is most heat produced?
2
Most heat is produced in deep organs at rest and skeletal muscles during exercise
The rate at which heat is lost depends primarily on two factors:
- How rapidly heat can be conducted from where it is primarily produced to the skin
- How rapidly heat can be transferred from the skin to the surroundings
What acts together to act as a heat insulator?
The skin and especially the subcutaneous tissue
because fat doesnt conduct heat well
What kind of blood flow to the skin would happen in colder temps?
Low rate of skin flow (which occurs in colder temperatures), decreases heat conduction and less heat is lost
What kind of blood flow to the skin would happen in warmer temps?
High rate of skin flow (which occurs in warmer temperatures), increases heat conduction and more heat is lost
What is radiation?
loss of heat in the form of infrared heat rays (all objects not at absolute zero temp radiate such rays, including the walls and objects around us)
When temperature of body > temperature of surroundings?
a greater quantity of heat is radiated from the body than is radiated to the body
What is conduciton?
direct loss of heat via kinetics, or the energy of molecular motion. Transfer of heat through physical contact.
What is convection?
Convection (or in other words, the wind chill process) – the removal of heat from the body by air currents
-Wind removes layer of air immediately adjacent to the skin and replaces it by new air much more rapidly
What would happen with the convection process when one wears clothes?
Normal suit of clothes decreases heat loss by one half
Arctic-type clothing decreases heat loss to as little as one sixth
How about conduction and convection with water?
Each unit portion of water adjacent to skin can absorb far greater quantities of heat than air can…
therefore the rate of heat loss to water is usually many times greater than the rate of heat loss to air
What is evaporation?
loss of heat when water evaporates from body surface
What is insensible heat/sweat loss?
when unable to detect sweat – occurs at a rate of about 600-700ml/day
-Natural sweat when you arent expercising
How can evaporation of sweat be controlled?
by regulating the rate of sweating not for temp control
What part of the nervous system is heat loss controlled by?
sympathetic
Two types of sweat glands and what are they activated/regulated by?
Eccrine
Innervated by SNS via acetylcholine
Apocrine
Regulated by androgens - hormone regulated
If skin temperature > temperature of surroundings?
heat can be lost by radiation and conduction (along with convection)
Once temperature of surroundings > skin temperature?
the body gains heat by both radiation and conduction
The only way heat can be lost when the surrounding temp is greater than the skin temp is what?
evaporation
Systems responsible for heat loss
skin
cardiovascular
respiratory
HOw is skin responsible for heat loss?
vasodilatation and perspiration
How is cardiovascular responsible for heat loss?
increased cardiac output to compensate for peripheral vasodilatation with increased volumes of blood to periphery
How is respiratory responsible for heat loss?
some degree of evaporation
Where are heat sensitive cells located in the hypothalamus?
And what do they signal
anterior
vasodilation of skin vessels
Decrease in heat production - inhibition of shivering and chemical thermogenesis
Where are cold sensitive cells located?
And what do they signal
posterior hypothalamus
piloerection (goosebumps)
vasocontriction
shivering and thyroxine secretion
Predisposing factors to hyperthermia?
6
- Age of the patient - can regulate as well as when they were younger
- Health of the patient: i.e. diabetics can become hyperthermic more easily because of the damage to their autonomic nervous system
- Medications: i.e. diuretics >dehydration, Beta Blockers
what happens in a heatstroke?
Heatstroke: Critical organ damage, significant mortality, markedly elevated body temperature, usually > 105’
What are heat cramps?
Painful contractions of larger muscle groups during or shortly after strenuous exercise in the heat
What are heat cramps caused by?
Usually caused by replacement of water without adequate salt resulting in a low sodium state in the muscles