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Intro to Clinical Medicine > Bloodborne Pathogens > Flashcards

Bloodborne Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What does hepititis mean?

A

liver inflammation

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2
Q

What are the causes of hepatitis?

4

A 
1. Most cases associated with viruses
Some cases by toxic substances
2. ETOH
3. Medications
4. Industrial solvents
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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?

7

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Nausea
  3. Decreased appetite
  4. Mild Fever
  5. Mild abdominal pain (RUQ)
    Later signs:
  6. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin/eyes)
  7. Darkening of the urine
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4
Q

How contagious is Hep A?

A

Highly

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5
Q

What is the structure of Hep A?

A

Single-stranded RNA virus

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6
Q

How is Hep A usually spread?

A

Usually spread person to person via Fecal-oral route

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7
Q

How long is Hep A’s incubation time?

A

Incubation 14-28 days

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8
Q

How would you describe the presentation of Hep A?

A

Usually mild

Many people do not know that have

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9
Q

Clinical presentation of Hep A?

4

A

Fever
Malaise
Decrease appetite
Abdominal discomfort

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10
Q

Risk Factors in contracting Hep A?

3

A

Poor sanitation
Lack of clean water
Injecting drugs

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11
Q

What labs would you order for Hep A?

A
  1. CBC (Complete Blood Count)
  2. CMP or LFT specific (Liver Function Test)
  3. Hepatitis Panel
    - Usually A, B & C
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12
Q

Treatment of Hep A?

3

A
  1. Supportive
  2. Avoid medications that are hepatotoxic (Acetaminophen)
  3. Avoid ETOH (Alcohol)
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13
Q

Prevention of Hep A?

4

A

Safe drinking water
Proper disposal of sewage
Hand washing
immunization

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14
Q

Structure of Hep B?

A

Double-stranded DNA virus

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15
Q

How is Hep B transmitted?

5

A 
1. Transmitted through infected blood or serum
Spread by blood or body fluids
2. Unprotected sex (The most common)
3. Sharing needles
4. Spread from infected mother to infant
5. Healthcare workers
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16
Q

What is the clinical presentation for Hep B?

3

A

Jaundice
Fatigue/malaise
N/V

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17
Q

How do we diagnose Hep B?

A

The presense of hepititis B surface antigen HBsAg

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18
Q

What is the recovery rate for Hep B?

A

90% recover are cured from it in the first year

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19
Q

What are the treatments for Hep B?

4

A
  1. Aimed at controlling the virus and preventing damage to the liver:
  2. Antivirals benefit most people
    Benefits vs. risk
    Close monitoring
    GI Specialist consult
  3. Regular blood tests to monitor
  4. Ultrasound and/or CT scans
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20
Q

Prevention for Hep B?

A

Hep B vaccine

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21
Q

WHat is the most common cause of chronic hepititis, cirrhosis and liver cancer?

A

Hep C

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22
Q

What is the structure of Hep C?

A

Single-stranded RNA virus

23
Q

What is the incubation period for Hep C?

A

2-26 weeks

24
Q

Transmission of Hep C?

3

A
  1. Injection drug use (most common)
  2. High risk sexual behavior (2nd most common)
  3. Reuse or inadequate sterilization of medical equipment
25
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Hep C?

4

A 
1. 80% of people do not exhibit symptoms
Acute:
2. Fever
3. Fatigue
4. N/V
26
Q

How would you diagnose Hep C?

2

A
  1. Screening for anti-HCV with a serological test

Then if positive for anti-HCV antibodies:

  1. Nucleic acid test for HCV RNA to confirm
27
Q

Treatment for Hep C?

2

A
  1. Not all require treatment
  2. Treat for cure: (very very expensive)
    - Interferon and ribavirin
    - Direct antiviral agents (DAA)
28
Q

Prevention for Hep C?

4

A

Hand hygiene
Safe handling of sharps
Condoms
Testing donated blood

29
Q

What does HIV target specifically?

A

A retrovirus that attacks CD4 T lymphocytes

30
Q

When does HIV transform to AIDS?

A

occurs when the virus as destroyed so much of the body’s defenses that immune-cell counts fall to critical levels or certain life-threatening infections or cancers develop

Becomes Terminal

31
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

4

A
  1. Most commonly, HIV is spread by having sex with an infected partner
    - Semen
    - Vaginal secretions
  2. injection drug users who share needles or syringes that are contaminated
  3. Women can transmit to their babies during pregnancy or birth
  4. Rarely, HIV spreads through transfusion of contaminated blood
32
Q

Risk factors for HIV?

3

A

Unprotected anal or vaginal sex
Sharing needles
Accidental needle sticks among health care providers (bone can also pierce skin in surgical PAs)

33
Q

Acute clinical presentation of HIV?

4

A

Fever
HA
Rash
Sore throat

34
Q

Clinical presentation of later stages of HIV?

3

A

Swollen lymph nodes
Weight loss
cough

35
Q

How do we diagnose HIV?

3

A

Do HIV antibody test (tests for anitbodies that your body makes against HIV)
-Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
-Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
(rapid test only for blood)

If positive:

Western blot assay
More accurate testing

Also polymerase chain reaction (PCR test)
Detects HIV DNA

36
Q

What are the 5 things that must be respected and adhered to when treating HIV?

A 
Consent
Confidentiality
Counselling
Correct test results
Connection
37
Q

How do we treat HIV?

A

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

38
Q

What are the six drug classes that we treat HIV with?

A
  1. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
  2. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
  3. Protease inhibitors (PI)
  4. Fusion inhibitors
  5. CCR5 antagonists
  6. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI)
39
Q

What are some opportunistic infections that are involved with AIDS?
8

A
  1. Pneumonia (Pneumocystis)
  2. Brain infections with toxoplasmosis which can cause troubles thinking or symptoms that mimic a stroke
  3. Widespread infection with a bacteria called MAC (Mycobacterium Avium complex) which causes fever and weight loss.
  4. Yeast Infection of the esophagus (so immunocomprimised)
  5. Histoplasmosis can cause fever, cough, anemia
  6. Lymphoma (cancer of the lymphoid tissue)
  7. Kaposi’s Sarcoma
  8. ANUG (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)
40
Q

What falls when HIV has become AIDS?

A

CD4 cell count

41
Q

How does the CDC define universal precautions for bloodborne pathogens?
2

A
  1. A set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other Bloodborne pathogens when providing first aid or health Care”
  2. Under universal precautions, blood and certain body fluids of all patients are considered potentially infectious for HIV, HBV and other bloodborne pathogens”
42
Q

What do universal precautions apply to?

6

A
  1. Blood
  2. Bodily fluids containing visible blood
  3. Semen
  4. Vaginal secretions
  5. CSF
  6. Synovial, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and amniotic fluids
    (viseceral fluids)
43
Q

What do universal precautions not apply to?

5

A 
Feces
Nasal secretions
Sputum
Sweat
Vomitus
44
Q

What barrier devices should be used in universal precautions?
4

A

medical exam gloves,
masks,
eye protection, and
gowns

45
Q

Handwashing is a part of universal precautions.

A

Statement

46
Q

HOw does universal precautions address needles?

3

A
  1. Taking care to prevent injuries from sharps, including needles and scalpels.
  2. Never recap
  3. Place items in a puncture-resistant container
47
Q

Where could items that are contaminated with blood or body fluids be discarded?

A

proper containers labeled as bio-hazardous waste.

48
Q

What is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against infectious material” (OSHA)?

A

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

49
Q

Types of PPE?

5

A 
Gloves
Gowns/aprons
Mask and respirators
Goggles
Face shields
50
Q

Who needs to be trained for universal precautions?

3

A
  1. health care professions,
  2. anyone who does CPR or First Aid,
  3. Anyone who is in a position to be exposed
51
Q

What are the previsions of the new law for the Needlestick Safety and Prevention
Act?
4

A
  1. Requires healthcare employers to document their exposure control and safety plan
  2. Exposure control plans be reviewed and updated at least annually
  3. Sharps injury log
  4. Consult non-managerial (frontline) health care workers when selecting sharps devices and implementing a control plan
52
Q

How else can you be exposed in a medical setting other than needle sticks?
8

A 
1. Trauma
Bone fragments
Bleeding
2. Childbirth
3. Improper disposal of instruments, blood saturated material
4. Improper universal precautions
5. Skin contact/OPen wound
6. Mucous membrane exposure
7. Donated blood
8. Airborne pathogens
53
Q

Whats the first thing you should do when a sharp accident happens?

A

flood area with water and clean immediately

report incident

Intro to Clinical Medicine (12 decks)

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