Nutritional Disorders Flashcards
If a person has sores that wont heal what could be a reason?
Diabetes
But ALSO… look at their albumin levels. They may be malnurished
Whats an ACE score?
is a tally of different types of abuse, neglect, and other hallmarks of a rough childhood
Who is more likely to experience adverse affects of abuse as children?
Six month olds. Infants and toddlers.
3 yearolds and up not as much because they can distract themselves
What are some clinical features you might find on an underweight patient?
3
- loss of body fat;
- dry, loose skin with decreased turgor (bounce back);
- thin, dry, dull hair
In industrilaized societies, PEM usually results how?
Secondary to other diseases
What is marasmus?
Protein-calorie starvation caused by protein and energy deficiency
How long does it take to develop?
over weeks or months
What is the etiology for marasmus?
4
- Lack of food due to lack of access
- Physical Disability/prevents one from getting to food
- Chronic illness
- Prolonged hospitalization
Clinical and Laboratory findings for Marasmus? (pathology)
8
- History of weight loss
- Muscle wasting
- Absent subcutaneous fat
- Decreased BP, pulse and temperature
- Dry, loose skin with loss of turgor
- Dry, thin, dull hair
- Mild anemia
- Mildly reduced serum proteins
What is Kwashiorkor?
Severe protein deficiency in the presence of adequate energy.
Etiologies of Kwashiorkor?
3
- Decreased intake (scarcity as in 3rd world countries, dysphagia, substance abuse, etc.)
- Increased losses (i.e. malabsorption, diarrhea, glycosuria)
- Increased requirement (i.e. fever, neoplasms, surgery)
Why do they call kwashiorkers sickness of weening?
do well when they get breast milk, no protein after the second baby is around. lots of carbs thats why they still have energy
Clinical and laboratory findings for Kwashiorkers? (pathology)
9
- Normal fat and muscle
- Decreased BP, bradycardia, hypothermia
- Edema and hepatomegaly with ascites/acasarca
- Lethargy and apathy
- Skin develops dry, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic lesions face & extremities
- Hair is sparse, dry, brittle & yellowish/red
- Serum albumin low (often
General pathology from PEM?
4
(protein energy malnutrition)
- Loss of body weight
- Loss of adipose stores
- Loss of skeletal muscle mass
- Protein mass is lost from the liver, GI tract, kidneys and heart
What organ produces protein?
liver
What happens when liver is damaged due to malnutrition?
3
Low protein production/depressed levels of circulating proteins
low clearence of toxins
glyconeogensis is reduced leading to hypoglycemia
What labs would we order to evaluate protein status/liver function?
Albumin
Bilirubin
Clotting factor
Why would we check liver enzymes?
only to check for liver failure not how it is funcitoning
Why do we get the swelling in PEM?
decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure- favor from vascular to interstitial fluid= swelling
What drug will increase liver function tests and make it look like its functioning normally?
Statin
What is PEMs actual affact on the liver?
doesnt damage the cells they just arent working that well in this scenerio
How is bilirubin cleared from the blood?
liver
How does PEM affect muscle mass?
2
- Both fat stores & muscle are used for fuel
2. Muscle loss results in weakness & lost protein
How does PEM affect cardiac function?
- Decrease in mass & stroke volume
2. Cardiac output is decreased
How does PEM affect lung function?
4
- Weakness and atrophy of respiratory muscles
- Decrease in vital capacity, tidal volume and minute volume
- Mucocilliary clearance is abnormal
- Overall decrease breathing capacity
HOw does PEM affect immune function?
5
****All components are adversely affected/Is among the most important changes with PEM
- Lymphocyte count decreased
- T cells are depressed (what do the T cells do? )
- Specific antibody responses are depressed
- Impaired complement
- Neutropenia
What can result from immune deficiency in PEM and why would we want to keep that in mind while doing labs?
cant mount an immune response so WBC wont go way up in elderly malnurished patients. Wont know if they have an infection or not and cant tell from WBC
Effects of PEM on GI tract?
- gastric motility slows
- gastric acid secretion decreases
- total small bowel mass decreases because of mucosal atrophy and loss of villi
- bacterial overgrowth can occur
- pancreas atrophy,
What will mucosal atrophy and loss of villi affect?
no absorption
How does PEM affect bone mineralization?
with loss of calcium intake, calcium is taken from the bones
What are some symptoms that will result in a loss of calcium deficiency?
4
- no bone development,
- loss of menstration,
- heart is dangerous(not firing)
- Takes it from the bones -osteporotic?