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Intro to Clinical Medicine > Complimentary & Alternative Methods (CAM)‏ > Flashcards

Complimentary & Alternative Methods (CAM)‏ Flashcards

1
Q

CAM Definition?

A

A group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine.”

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2
Q

Types of CAM?

9

A 
Chiropractics
Acupuncture
Massage
Naturopathy
Homeopathy
Relaxation techniques
Biofeedback
Hypnosis
Herbal preparations
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3
Q

Llicensed Cam Professionals?

4

A

Acupuncturists
Chiropractors
Naturopathic doctor
Massage therapist

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4
Q

What do chiropractors emphasize?

A

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders especially the spine

Healthy lifestyle not just muslcoskeletal (diet, exercise etc)

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5
Q

What do chircopractors therapy involve?

A

involves manipulation of the spine, joints and soft tissue

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6
Q

What do naturopaths believe?

A

Based on belief body has innate power to heal and that symptoms are manifestation of the body’s attempt to achieve wholeness in the face of internal & external stress

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7
Q

What does Naturopathy treatment focus on?

4

A 
focused on restoring person to healthy balance and resilience:
Hydrotherapy
Massage/Exercise therapy
Lifestyle counseling
Herbal medicines/Nutritional counseling
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8
Q

What kind of provider believes that the body has innate power to heal and that symptoms are manifestation of the body’s attempt to achieve wholeness in the face of internal & external stress?

A

Naturopaths

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9
Q

When was homeopathy developed?

A

1800s

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10
Q

What two principals are homeopathy based on?

A

like cures like

potentization

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11
Q

Why can some homeopathic remedies be toxic?

A

Usually substances are diluted past the point of possible danger but, especially for children they can still be dangerous
-potentization makes it “safe” and usuable for the body

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12
Q

When did acupuncture originate?

A

in China. about 2000 years ago

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13
Q

Specialized forms of acupuncture?

3

A

hand, auricular and scalp

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14
Q

Types of procedures used to stimulate anatomical points?

7

A 
Needles
manual pressure
electrical stimulation
magnets
low-power lasers
heat
ultrasound
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15
Q

What is the goal of the clinician in acupunture?

A

maintain the body’s harmonious balance both internally and in relation to the external environment

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16
Q

What therapy is most likely to be reccommended by conventional medicla professionals?

A

acupunture

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17
Q

Where should you referr patients to for acupuncture?

2

A

National Certification for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine or the American Board of Medial Acupuncture

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18
Q

Indications for acupunture?

6

A
  1. Chronic pain
  2. Postoperative nausea and vomiting
  3. Chemotherapy nausea
  4. Acute pain including dental pain
  5. Headache including migraines
  6. Hypertension
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19
Q

Adverse affects of acupunture due to complications with needles?
7

A
  1. Transmission of disease
  2. Needle fragment left in body
  3. Pneumothorax
  4. Pneumoperitoneum
  5. Organ puncture
  6. Cardiac tamponade
  7. Osteomyelitis
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20
Q

Local adverse affects of needling in acupunture?

5

A
  1. bleeding,
  2. contact dermatitis,
  3. infection,
  4. pain,
  5. paresthesias
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21
Q

Reasons americans use herbs and supplements?

4

A
  1. For enhancing health
  2. to help with common or chronic symptoms or diseases such as:
    - memory loss
    - arthritis
    - Fatigue
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22
Q

What herbs or OTC preps do we want to discourage the use of?

A
  1. toxic heavy metals or

2. ephedra-related products

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23
Q

Populations that should avoid herbal supplements?

4

A
  1. Pregnant and nursing women
  2. Infants and children
  3. The elderly
  4. Surgical patients (certain herbs can alter coagulation)
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24
Q

What are the pharmacological affects of echinacea?

2

A

Antiviral

Antioxident and anti-inflammatory

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25
Q

What is echinacea used for?

A

Used to prevent/treat UTI

-no benefit in studies

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26
Q

Adverse effects of echinacea?

4

A
  1. Dyspepsia (heartburn)
  2. diarrhea,
  3. unpleasant taste
  4. Increases rashes in children
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27
Q

Potential Drug interactions with echinacea?

A
  1. May interfere with immunosuppressant therapy
  2. One study showed proliferation of cervical and breast CA cells during exposure to DOXORUBICIN, it should not be used with doxorubicin
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28
Q

How long can you be on echinacea?

A

no longer than 8 weeks

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29
Q

Pharmacological effects of garlic?

2

A
  1. inhibits platelet aggregation

2. Lipid lowering effects

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30
Q

Why is garlic used?

A
  1. slightly lower cholesterol
  2. Thins blood and has an anti-atherosclerotic effect

DOES NOT lower BP, Blood Glucose Levels, Or Lower risk of cancer

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31
Q

Adverse effects of garlic?

A
  1. Bad breath and body oder (actually enters the blood stream)
  2. GI side effects
  3. allergic reactions
  4. increases bleeding from gums, ulcers, surgery
    CAUTION WITH BLEEDING DISORDERS
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32
Q

possible drug interactions with garlic?

5

A
  1. warfarin
  2. aspirin
  3. NSAIDs
  4. antiplatelet meds
  5. Interferes with effectiveness of Saquinavir (drug used to treat HIV)‏
33
Q

Pharmacological effects of Gingko?

3

A
  1. Alter neurotransmission
  2. Provides neuroprotection
  3. inhibits platelet activating factors from binding
34
Q

Uses of Gingko?

4

A
  1. Improves cognitive funciton in patients with Alzheimers and vascular dementia
  2. PVD (peripheral vascular diseas and macular degeneration)
  3. Possibly depression
  4. Recent onset of vertigo
35
Q

Adverse effects of gingko?

3

A
  1. GI upset
  2. headaches
  3. increased bleeding and bruising
36
Q

Possible drug interactions with gingko?

5

A

increased bleeding should not take with:

  1. NSAIDs,
  2. heparin,
  3. warfarin or
  4. other herbs that thin the blood (garlic, ginseng, ginger)
  5. Do not use with other antidepressants due to risk of serotonin syndrome
37
Q

Pharmacological effects of ginseng?

3

A
  1. increases release or cortisol (lowers it in patients with diabetes)
  2. imporves endurance and learning
  3. sedative and antihypertensive qualities but can also have the opposite effect if the dose is more.
38
Q

Uses for ginseng?

3

A
  1. improves health of those recoveriing from illness
  2. increases stamina and sense of well being
  3. used to treat erectile dysfunction or menopause symptoms
39
Q

Adverse effects of ginseng?

A
  1. headaches
  2. GI distress
  3. insomia
  4. palpitations
  5. menstrual irregularities/breast pain
  6. increases bleeding
40
Q

What is ginseng abuse syndrom and what does it cause?

5

A

Too much ginseng

  1. diarrhea
  2. HTN
  3. nervousness
  4. rash
  5. insomnia
41
Q

Who is contraindicated for ginseng?

A

pregnant and lactating women

42
Q

Drug interactions with ginseng?

7

A
  1. antihypertensives
  2. anticoagulant meds
  3. aspirin
  4. NSAIDs
  5. antiplatelet agent
  6. CNS stimulants
  7. drugs with hypoglycemic effects and hormonal agents
43
Q

Pharmacological effects of St. John’s wort?

3

A
  1. inhibits serotonin and norepi
  2. Helps with depression
  3. effects melatonin secretion
44
Q

Why is St. John’s wort used?

A

mild to moderate depression

-confirmed in US

45
Q

Adverse effects of St. John’s Wort?

9

A
  1. GI symptoms
  2. dizzines
  3. confusion
  4. sedation
  5. photosensitivity
  6. dry mouth
  7. urinary frequency
  8. anorgasmia
  9. edema
46
Q

Who should avoid taking st. johns wort?

A

pregnant and lactating women

47
Q

What are some possible drug interactions with St. johns wart?
3

A
  1. avoid other antidepressants
  2. indinavir - for HIV
  3. Any meds that are metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes
48
Q

Maybe reduce the effectiveness of what drug?

A

oral contraceptive pill

49
Q

Pharmacological effects of saw palmetto?

A

May have an anti-inflammatory effect

50
Q

Uses of saw palmetto?

A

May help with prostate issues

51
Q

Adverse affects of saw palmetto?

5

A
  1. headache
  2. nasuea
  3. dizziness
  4. hypertension
  5. ED
52
Q

Who is saw palmetto contraindicate in?

A

pregnancy and lactation

53
Q

What drugs can saw palmetto interfere with?

2

A
  1. OCP or hormone replacement meds

2. increased risk of bleeding with anti platelet drugs or anticoagulants

54
Q

Pharmacological effects of black cohash?

A
  1. estrogenic binding effects

2. Antiinflammatory effects due to salicyclic acid

55
Q

USes of black cohash?

A
  1. Menopausal symptoms (hot flashes)
  2. arthritis and muscle spasms
  3. PMS
56
Q

Adverse effects of black cohash?

5

A
  1. Nausea,
  2. vomiting
  3. HA,
  4. hypotension,
  5. weight gain
57
Q

Who is black cohash contraindicated in?

2

A
  1. patients with estrogen dependant tumors or endometrial cancer
  2. pregnancy and lactation
58
Q

Drug interactions of blak cohash?

A

May cause increased bleeding or GI distress if taken with other salycylates

59
Q

What are some sources of omega 3s?

5

A

salmon, mackerel, flaxseed, soybean oil, nuts

60
Q

What are the pharmacoloical effects of fish oil/omega 3s?

5

A

Lowers:

  1. triglycerides
  2. LDLs
  3. BP
  4. elevates HDLs
  5. has antiarhythmic and anti-inflammatory properties
61
Q

Uses of fish oil?

3

A
  1. reduce sudden cardiac death in patients with heart disease
  2. prevent dementia
  3. essential for early brain development
62
Q

Adverse effects of fih oil?

2

A

Very rarely causes nasea

Fishy taste

63
Q

Drug interactions for fish oil?

A

NONE!

64
Q

Pharmacological effects for red yeast rice?

A

Acts like a statin

Can lower LDL-C and lower cholesterol

65
Q

Adverse effects of red yeast rice?

  1. head
  2. GI
  3. musculoskeletal
  4. hemotological

8 total

A
  1. headache
  2. dizziness
  3. Gas
  4. heartburn
  5. stomach ache
  6. bloating
  7. Muscle aches—potential rhabdomyalysis
  8. can thin blood in some people
66
Q

red yeast rice is contraindicated in who

A

pregnant or lactating women and in children

67
Q

What should red yeast rice not be taken with?

4

A
  1. cholesterol lowering medicaiton
  2. can be toxic to the liver (dont take with other drugs that could be toxic to the liver)
  3. Lowers coenzymes Q in the body
  4. DONT TAKE WITH STATINS
68
Q

Sources of niacin? (B3)

5

A

yeast, meats [especially liver!], cereals, legumes and seeds

69
Q

Why do many enzymatic reactions depend on niacin?

A

accepts electrons and donates hydorgen atoms

70
Q

Uses of niacin?

2

A
  1. plays big role in synthesis and metabolism of carbs, fats, and protein
  2. Could lower LDLs and cholesterol in high doses
71
Q

Adverse effects of niacin?

A
  1. Most common—flushing**
  2. N/V,
  3. pruritus,
  4. constipation,
  5. hives, and
  6. myopathy
  7. Can elevate uric acid levels—causing (gout)?
  8. Can cause liver toxicity
72
Q

Niacin can elevate uric acid levels. What would this causes?

A

Gout

73
Q

Niacin is contraindicated in?

A

pregnant women

74
Q

Drug interactions of niacin?

A

Statins
red yeast rice
alcohol

75
Q

Why should we not drink alcohol with niacin?

A

both act and are metabolized by the liver. Both working adversly on it

76
Q

Uses for Hawthrone berry?

3

A
  1. effects HR and BP
  2. Treat CHF
  3. improves cardaic function
77
Q

Adverse effects of hawthrone berry?

4

A
  1. nausea
  2. sedation
  3. Arrhythmias and
  4. hypotension
78
Q

What do we not want to take hawthrone berry with?

A
  1. beta blockers
  2. calcium channel blockers
  3. benzos, antipsychotics, antihistamines
  4. digoxin
  5. narcotics

Intro to Clinical Medicine (12 decks)

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