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MCAT phys > thermodynamics > Flashcards

thermodynamics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of heat

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1
Q

heat

A

energy transfer through temperature

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2
Q

temperature

A

average kinetic energy of the motions of a molecule

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3
Q

temperature of ideal gas equation

A

KE= .5mv^2(rms)
v is sqrt of v^2 rms is sqrt(3RT/M)
- t is temp (k)
R is ideal gas constant
M is molar mass

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4
Q

kinetic energy and heat equation

A

KE= 3/2 t*(r/m)
1. kinetic energy is proportional to temperature
2. details of model apply to ideal gases

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5
Q

what is kinetic energy measured as

A

temperature in kelvin

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6
Q

system

A

subset of the universe that is being modeled

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7
Q

internal thermodynamic equillibrium

A

no macroscopic transfers of energy are taking place

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8
Q

open systems

A

exchange matter and energy with sorroundings
- human body is an open system

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9
Q

closed system

A

exchange energy with sorroundings but not matter
- example is a capped test tube

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10
Q

isolated system

A

canNOT exchange matter or energy with sorroundings
- no true insulators in nature

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11
Q

state functions

A

variables like energy, temperature, entropy, gibbs free energy and enthalpy
- pressure, volume, density
- describe state of system without describing how it got there

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12
Q

path functions

A

heat and work
- describe how you got from one equillibrium to another state

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13
Q

zeroth law (thermodynamics)

A

if system A is in equilibrium with system B and C then systems B and C are in thermal equillibrium with each other
- temp

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14
Q

Fahrenheit scale

A

32 F is freezing
bp is 212F
body temp is 98.6

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15
Q

celcius scale

A

body: 37 C
freeze 0 C

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16
Q

conversion from celcius to Farenheit

A

(F-32)*5/9

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17
Q

conversion from C to F at high temp

A

9/5

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18
Q

kelvin

A

0 K= 273 C
K- 273 = C

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19
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

for closed systems: the total energy change of a system ΔU equals the transfer of energy into the system via heat minus the work performed by the system on its sorroundings
ΔU= Q- W
- comtribition of heat and work

20
Q

work being added to a system

A

+W

21
Q

work being taken from a system

A

-W

22
Q

+Δ U

A

energy is being added to the system

23
Q
  • ΔU
A

energy is being removed from the system

24
Q

+ΔQ

A

heat is flowing into the system

25
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

if two objects are in contact and not in thermal equilibrium, heat will be transferred from high temperature to low temperature
- the entropy of an isolated system will increase over time

26
Q

entropy

A

measure of disorder
connected to energy , how much energy is available to do work

27
Q

boltzmann’s formula

A

S = Kb*lnW
- s is entropy
- kb is constant
- w is number of microstates of an observable substance (degrees of freedom)

28
Q

what does an increase in degrees of freedom mean in terms of entropy

A

increase df increase entropy

29
Q

order the amount of entropy from highest to lowest

liquids, solids, gas

A

solid –> liquid –> gas

30
Q

entropy and work

A

Δs = q/T

31
Q

can entropy be decreased

A

yes, but it takes considerable energy (if you break a glass bottle and it shatters it is not easy to piece together)

32
Q

major entropy concepts for MCAT

A
  1. energy will flow from hot to cold items
  2. entropy inevitably increases in a true isolated system
33
Q

third law of thermodynamics

A

at absolute o (0 Kelvin) a crystal structure has an entropy of 0

34
Q

t/f: heat and temperature are different things

A

TRUE
heat is a transfer of energy, temperature is average kinetic energy

35
Q

units of heat

A

j, calories

36
Q

heat transfer methods

A
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. radiation
37
Q

conduction

A

two objects with different temperatures touch and heat transfers from hot to cold

38
Q

convection

A

heat transfer between two objects due to the circulation of fluid
- thermal differences due to the densities of fluids

39
Q

radiation

A

no direct contact
- heat transfer via electromagnetic waves

40
Q

thermal expansion

A

idea that as temperature increases, the object expands

41
Q

exception to thermal expansion

A

ice is less dense than water and reaches peak density at 4C

42
Q

solid expansion equation

A

ΔL= alphaL *ΔT
- measure change in L
- alpha is coefficient of thermal expansion that is specific to substance

43
Q

liquid expansion equation

A

ΔV = alphav*ΔT

44
Q

ideal gas equation

A

PV=nRT

45
Q

isothermic system

A

temp constant on a pressure volume graph

46
Q

adiabatic system

A

no heat or matter is transferred between a system and its sorroundings
- constant entropy
- steeper slope than isothermic

47
Q

isobaric

A

constant presssure

MCAT phys (9 decks)

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