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MCAT phys > Quantum and nuclear physics > Flashcards

Quantum and nuclear physics Flashcards

1
Q

alpha decay

A

emit a helium atom (release 4 mass units and 2 automic units)
- so drop 2 elements and the weight is og weight -4
- emit alpha particle

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2
Q

beta decay

A

emit a beta particle
B has protons: -1
neurons: 0
- element increases by one proton and mass is same as og `

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3
Q

what is an alpha particle

A

has mass of 4
hass automic number of 2

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4
Q

what is a beta particle

A

has a mass of 0 and an autnomic number of -1

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5
Q

positron emition (beta+ decay)

A

Beta + is emitted has a mass of 0 and automic number of 1+
result will be lost 1 element ( 1au) with same mass

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6
Q

electron capture

A

capture beta +
so result will be reverse of positiron decay
- same result

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7
Q

mass of protons and neutrons

A

1 da / 1 amu

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8
Q

nucleus

A

central structure of atom that contains protons and neutrons

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9
Q

strong nuclear force

A

interaction between protons and neutrons that keep protons together in nucleus

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10
Q

weak nuclear froce

A

involved in beta decay

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11
Q

binding energy

A

potential energy of a nucelus

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12
Q

mass energy equivelence formula

A

E= mc^2

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13
Q

mass defect

A

corresponds to bindnig energy, theoretical mass does not line up woth actual mass and this is not due to % error.

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14
Q

1 eV is how many joules

A

1.60E-19 J

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15
Q

bohr model of atoms

A

electrons orbit the nucleus in an e- cloud at specific levels of energy (orbitals)

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16
Q

wave particle duality is exhibited by what

A

electrons and light both exhibit

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17
Q

de Brogolie eqn

A

wavelength = h/(mv)

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18
Q

orbitals

A

regions where e- density is probable and have distinct energy levels
n = 1, 2, 3, 4
as orbital energy level increases so does distance from the nucleus

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19
Q

quantum state

A

full specification of energy level , angular momentum, quantum numner, magnetic quantum number, and spin

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20
Q

pauli exclusion number

A

only 1 e- can be in a specific energy level, quantum number, angular momentum number, magnet, spin at once`

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21
Q

ground state

A

e- at its lowest energy

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22
Q

does an e- absorb or emit energy to increase energy level

A

absorb

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23
Q

heisenberg principle of uncertainty

A

if we establish the position of an e- it is difficult to establish its momentum and vice versa

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24
Q

photoelectric effect

A

substance (usually metal) emits e- in response to a beam of photons being shown on it
- energy of incidence from photons is absorbed by material and used to excite e- and eject them

25
what is the photoelectric effect dependent on
FREQUENCY
26
threshold frequency
light shined on an object must be at least a specific frequency to excite e-
27
equation relating energy and frequency
E= hF
28
equation relating energy and wavelengh
E= hc/λ
29
work function
minimum amount of E required to eject an e- from ground state E=hf
30
KE for photoelectric effect
KE max = E incident - E workfunction KE= hf - hf(work function)
31
rydberg eqn
wavelength of light corresponding to amount of energy needed to transition between two different energy levels 1/ λ = R (1/n^2 - 1/n^2)
32
absoprtion spectra
shows range of visible light and black gaps are where absorption occurs
33
Emission spectra
blackbackground that shows what wavelengths correspond to emission - emission spectra used for indivudal elements and more common on mcat 7k,
34
acid base indicators
based on the absorption spectra
35
spectrophotometry
shining light at various wavelengths on a subsatance and seeing where it absorbs light
36
spectrophotomety applicaiton: would cholraphyll absorb green light
no there would be a dip in absorption at green wavelength because that is the color that is refelcted
37
automic #
number of protons, change automic #, change element
38
automic weight
P + N - changing N creates isotopes of same elemet
39
how are isotopes typically shown
A over Z next to element a is automic weight z is atomic number
40
nuclear fusion
* track protons and total atomic weight to make sure all is balenced - two light nuclei merge to form a single heavier nucleus - total mass is less than the two at the begining **LOSE 1 AMU (NEUTRON) AND NO AUTOMIC NUMBER SO ELEMENT REMAINS SAME
41
nuclear fission
nuclei of an atom splits into two smaller nuclei, and produces gamma particles -95 235 U + 1 0 n --> 56 141 Ba + 141 56 Kr + 3 0 1 n
42
radioactive decay
spontaneous breakdown of certain isotopes , unstable nuclei eject photons as radiation can be alpha, beta, or gamma
43
alpha decay
alpha paticle is ommitted . is a helium nuclei with 2 protons and 2 neutrons - has mass (a) of 4 and Z of 2 so result is 2 elements less and 4 mass # less - VERY DANGEROUS TO HUMAN BODY, BUT VERY LARGE SO EASILY SHIELDED AGAINST
44
a decay formula
AZX→Z−4Z−2Y+42He
45
beta - decay
loss of an electron - a neutron is converted into a proton and an electron is ejected to conserve charge - element changes by 1 and mass does not change
46
beta + decay
a positron is emmitted - charges flipped from beta - decay - a proton is converted into a neutron and a positron is emmitted to conserve charge - mass does not change and Z decreases by 1
47
what is true of beta particles
they are massless (both + and - ) - much lighter than alpha particles and are less likely to interact with matter - less dangerous than alpha particles but harder to shield from
48
gamma decay
- massless and chargless particle does not change weight or atomic number - emit a gamma ray (high energy photon) - involves excited nucleus NOT excited e- and is outside visible light spectrum - have less effect on our health than beta and alpha particles
49
electron capture
nucleus grabs an electron and changes a proton into a neutron - positive and negative charges cancel atomic weight stays same but Z decreases by 1
50
which radioactive decay particle is the most penatrative but the least harmful
gamma
51
which radioactive decay particle is the least penatrative but most harmful
alpha
52
half life
amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay - denoated as T 1/2
53
half life
amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay - denoated as T 1/2 - n is remaining nuclei that have not decayed by time T
54
remaining nuclei for half life eqn
n = n^0 e^(-λ* T) n^o is oringial nuclei n is nuclei left at time T λ is the decay constant
55
λ in half life eqn
determines how quickly a material decays - decay constant for a material
56
how are half life and the decay constant related
T 1/2 = .693/λ - longer decay constant = shorter half life
57
radioactive decay on a graph
exponential and will be a curve
58
radioactive decay on a semi log grapg
linear

MCAT phys (9 decks)

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