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MCAT phys > Quantum and nuclear physics > Flashcards

Quantum and nuclear physics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

alpha decay

A

emit a helium atom (release 4 mass units and 2 automic units)
- so drop 2 elements and the weight is og weight -4
- emit alpha particle

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2
Q

beta decay

A

emit a beta particle
B has protons: -1
neurons: 0
- element increases by one proton and mass is same as og `

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3
Q

what is an alpha particle

A

has mass of 4
hass automic number of 2

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4
Q

what is a beta particle

A

has a mass of 0 and an autnomic number of -1

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5
Q

positron emition (beta+ decay)

A

Beta + is emitted has a mass of 0 and automic number of 1+
result will be lost 1 element ( 1au) with same mass

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6
Q

electron capture

A

capture beta +
so result will be reverse of positiron decay
- same result

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7
Q

mass of protons and neutrons

A

1 da / 1 amu

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8
Q

nucleus

A

central structure of atom that contains protons and neutrons

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9
Q

strong nuclear force

A

interaction between protons and neutrons that keep protons together in nucleus

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10
Q

weak nuclear froce

A

involved in beta decay

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11
Q

binding energy

A

potential energy of a nucelus

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12
Q

mass energy equivelence formula

A

E= mc^2

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13
Q

mass defect

A

corresponds to bindnig energy, theoretical mass does not line up woth actual mass and this is not due to % error.

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14
Q

1 eV is how many joules

A

1.60E-19 J

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15
Q

bohr model of atoms

A

electrons orbit the nucleus in an e- cloud at specific levels of energy (orbitals)

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16
Q

wave particle duality is exhibited by what

A

electrons and light both exhibit

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17
Q

de Brogolie eqn

A

wavelength = h/(mv)

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18
Q

orbitals

A

regions where e- density is probable and have distinct energy levels
n = 1, 2, 3, 4
as orbital energy level increases so does distance from the nucleus

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19
Q

quantum state

A

full specification of energy level , angular momentum, quantum numner, magnetic quantum number, and spin

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20
Q

pauli exclusion number

A

only 1 e- can be in a specific energy level, quantum number, angular momentum number, magnet, spin at once`

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21
Q

ground state

A

e- at its lowest energy

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22
Q

does an e- absorb or emit energy to increase energy level

A

absorb

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23
Q

heisenberg principle of uncertainty

A

if we establish the position of an e- it is difficult to establish its momentum and vice versa

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24
Q

photoelectric effect

A

substance (usually metal) emits e- in response to a beam of photons being shown on it
- energy of incidence from photons is absorbed by material and used to excite e- and eject them

25
Q

what is the photoelectric effect dependent on

A

FREQUENCY

26
Q

threshold frequency

A

light shined on an object must be at least a specific frequency to excite e-

27
Q

equation relating energy and frequency

A

E= hF

28
Q

equation relating energy and wavelengh

A

E= hc/λ

29
Q

work function

A

minimum amount of E required to eject an e- from ground state
E=hf

30
Q

KE for photoelectric effect

A

KE max = E incident - E workfunction
KE= hf - hf(work function)

31
Q

rydberg eqn

A

wavelength of light corresponding to amount of energy needed to transition between two different energy levels
1/ λ = R (1/n^2 - 1/n^2)

32
Q

absoprtion spectra

A

shows range of visible light and black gaps are where absorption occurs

33
Q

Emission spectra

A

blackbackground that shows what wavelengths correspond to emission
- emission spectra used for indivudal elements and more common on mcat 7k,

34
Q

acid base indicators

A

based on the absorption spectra

35
Q

spectrophotometry

A

shining light at various wavelengths on a subsatance and seeing where it absorbs light

36
Q

spectrophotomety applicaiton: would cholraphyll absorb green light

A

no there would be a dip in absorption at green wavelength because that is the color that is refelcted

37
Q

automic #

A

number of protons, change automic #, change element

38
Q

automic weight

A

P + N
- changing N creates isotopes of same elemet

39
Q

how are isotopes typically shown

A

A over Z next to element
a is automic weight
z is atomic number

40
Q

nuclear fusion

A
  • track protons and total atomic weight to make sure all is balenced
  • two light nuclei merge to form a single heavier nucleus
  • total mass is less than the two at the begining
    **LOSE 1 AMU (NEUTRON) AND NO AUTOMIC NUMBER SO ELEMENT REMAINS SAME
41
Q

nuclear fission

A

nuclei of an atom splits into two smaller nuclei, and produces gamma particles
-95 235 U + 1 0 n –> 56 141 Ba + 141 56 Kr + 3 0 1 n

42
Q

radioactive decay

A

spontaneous breakdown of certain isotopes , unstable nuclei eject photons as radiation
can be alpha, beta, or gamma

43
Q

alpha decay

A

alpha paticle is ommitted . is a helium nuclei with 2 protons and 2 neutrons
- has mass (a) of 4 and Z of 2 so result is 2 elements less and 4 mass # less
- VERY DANGEROUS TO HUMAN BODY, BUT VERY LARGE SO EASILY SHIELDED AGAINST

44
Q

a decay formula

A

AZX→Z−4Z−2Y+42He

45
Q

beta - decay

A

loss of an electron
- a neutron is converted into a proton and an electron is ejected to conserve charge
- element changes by 1 and mass does not change

46
Q

beta + decay

A

a positron is emmitted
- charges flipped from beta - decay
- a proton is converted into a neutron and a positron is emmitted to conserve charge
- mass does not change and Z decreases by 1

47
Q

what is true of beta particles

A

they are massless (both + and - )
- much lighter than alpha particles and are less likely to interact with matter
- less dangerous than alpha particles but harder to shield from

48
Q

gamma decay

A
  • massless and chargless particle
    does not change weight or atomic number
  • emit a gamma ray (high energy photon)
  • involves excited nucleus NOT excited e- and is outside visible light spectrum
  • have less effect on our health than beta and alpha particles
49
Q

electron capture

A

nucleus grabs an electron and changes a proton into a neutron
- positive and negative charges cancel
atomic weight stays same but Z decreases by 1

50
Q

which radioactive decay particle is the most penatrative but the least harmful

A

gamma

51
Q

which radioactive decay particle is the least penatrative but most harmful

A

alpha

52
Q

half life

A

amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay
- denoated as T 1/2

53
Q

half life

A

amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay
- denoated as T 1/2
- n is remaining nuclei that have not decayed by time T

54
Q

remaining nuclei for half life eqn

A

n = n^0 e^(-λ* T)
n^o is oringial nuclei
n is nuclei left at time T
λ is the decay constant

55
Q

λ in half life eqn

A

determines how quickly a material decays
- decay constant for a material

56
Q

how are half life and the decay constant related

A

T 1/2 = .693/λ
- longer decay constant = shorter half life

57
Q

radioactive decay on a graph

A

exponential and will be a curve

58
Q

radioactive decay on a semi log grapg

A

linear

MCAT phys (9 decks)

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