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Biological Psychology > Theory of mind and Autism > Flashcards

Theory of mind and Autism Flashcards

1
Q

What is Autism or Autism Spectrum DIsorder?

A

A life long neurodevelopmental condition

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2
Q

How does Autism affect people’s lives?

A

They have difficulty with social reciporcity, communciation and repetiive or restrictive behaviour

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3
Q

Why do babbies have an innate preference for social stimuli?

A
  • Prefer to look at human face than non social objects, mianly if eyes are open (Batki et al, 2000)
  • Enahcned ERPs in occiptial face processing areas for direct eye contact in comparison to averted gaze (Grossman et al, 2007)
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4
Q

When was the earliest manifestation of Theory of Mind in “Joint Attention” by Butterowrh and Jarret (1991)

A

18 months

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5
Q

What is joint attention?

A

Spontaneously following pointing gestures and eye gaze direction of others

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6
Q

What challenges do children with autism face with joint attention?

A

They show atypical joint attention as toddlers

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7
Q

What tasks do children with autism struggle with as they grow from 6 - 7

A

Unable to understand when someone is jooking or being ironic as to a child that is neurotypical

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8
Q

What tasks do children with austim struggle with from age 9 - 10?

A

Unable to judge mental states by examining eyes of others compared to neurotypical children

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9
Q

What is Cognitive Theory of Mind?

A

Ability to identify/recongise antoher person’s mental state

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10
Q

What is Affective Theory of Mind?

A

Having an appropriate emotional reaction to other people’s thoughts and feelings

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11
Q

Who suggested the congitive and affective Theory of Mind (ToM)?

A

Baron-Cohen (2009)

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12
Q

Why is eye gaze so important in Theory of Mind?

A
  • People look where they are attending
  • Minding reading (looking where others are attending) is important
  • Allows to predict others behaviour
  • Share others mental state (Joint attention)
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13
Q

What is STS involved in?

A

Integrating biological motion (e.g gaze direction) with mental states

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14
Q

What does Superior Temporal Sulcus do?

A
  • Interprests meaning of gaze stimuli to determine whether it is goal orintated
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15
Q

What is the result of Superior Temporal Suclus (STS)in people with autism?

A
  • STS is still activated by agaze cues and reproted by people but STS does not differntiate ebtween goal-oriented and non-goal oriented behaviour
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16
Q

What is Menatlizing (shifting mental perspectives)?

A
  • Self: How likely you to think to think
  • Other- How likely are others to think
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17
Q

What is physical (doesn’t involve shifting mental perspectives)?

A

Self - How likely you are to be or have something
- Others - How likely are others to be or have something

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18
Q

What is cognitive empathy?

A

Understanding what others are feeling

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19
Q

What is cognitive empathy?

A

Understanding what others are feeling

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20
Q

What is emotional empathy?

A

Feeling what others are feeling

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21
Q

What happens in the brains of BPD in cognitive and emotional empathy tasks?

A

Multifaceted empath test
- Cognitive empathy
- Affective empathy (how much are you feeling for the person)

22
Q

What was concluded in BDP in regards to cognitive empathy

A

Reduced STS activation - Cognitive impairment

23
Q

What was concluded in BDP in regards to emotional empathy

A
  • Increased STS and insula activation
  • Increased autonomic arousal
24
Q

What is the Medialprefrontal cortex (MPFC) subdivided into?

A
  • Dorsal MPFC
  • Ventral MPFC
25
Q

What did Mitchell et al 2004 state occured to the Medialprefrontal cortex (MPFC)?

A

MPFC activates when forming impressions of others

26
Q

What are the two conditions for MPFC to activate when forming impressions of others?

A
  • Make personality judgement (as in the image)
  • Rememebr the order in which the statements were presented
27
Q

How does the Ventral MPFC and Dorsal MPFC? gets activated?

A
  • Thinking about similar others activated ventral MPFC
  • Thinking about dissimilar others activated dorsal MPFC
28
Q

What does less difference in vMPFC activation between self/other mentalizing conditions?

A

Causes more impairment

29
Q

What does anode do in tDCs?

A

Causes deplorisation of neurons and enhances excitability

30
Q

What does the cathode do in tDCS?

A

Causes hyperpolarisation and reduces excitability

31
Q

What improves Theory of Mind in autisitic children?

A

tDCs in vMPFC (Salehinejad et al. 2021)

32
Q

Castelli et al., 2002 – fMRI study show?

A
  • Compared BOLD response in mentalizing condition to when shapes moved at random
33
Q

What did autisitic P show durng mentalizing condition?

A

Reduced activity in MPFC and STS

34
Q

What is the four domains of impairment?

A
  • Emotional
  • Behavioural
  • Cognitive
  • Interpersonal
35
Q

What is a heterogenous phenotype?

A

BPD appears differetnly across patients (126 combinations of 5 citera possible)

36
Q

How many symptoms of BDP needed for diagnosis?

A

5

37
Q

What is the Biosocial model?

A

Acknowledges biological predispositions and interactions with developmental environment in bringing about BPD

38
Q

What is the equation of the Biosocial model?

A

Biology (Impulsivity + emotional sensitivity) + Environment (Developmental environmental factors) = BPD

39
Q

What is hypermentalizing?

A

Congitive impairment - attributions of mental states to others are negatively biased

40
Q

What is insula (insular cortex)?

A
  • Involved in emotion procssing located undr the lateral sulcus below the STS
41
Q

What is the negative vs neutral contract in the fMRI Data discovered by Frick?

A

In the left amygdala, BPD participants showed greater BOLD activation than the HC group

42
Q

What is the positive vs neutral contract in the fMRI Data discovered by Frick?

A
  • In the right amygdala BPD participants showed greater BOLD activation than the HC group
43
Q

What was concluded from Frick’s fMRI data?

A
  • Increased amygdala activation in BPD group
  • Increased speed and accuracy in determining mental states in the RMTE task in BPD group
44
Q

What is the issue with emotional processing tasks?

A

Low in ecological validity and not arousing

45
Q

What did Sharp learn about ecological valdity?

A

Mentalizing under higher ecological validyt have shown hypermentalizing responses

46
Q

What results did Dziobek obtain in regards to congitive empath against control taks?

A

Controls: increased activity in left STS (and STG)

BPD: no difference

  • Lack of activation in STS negaitvely correlated with degree of intrusive thoughts in BPD group
47
Q

What results did Dziobek obtain in regards to emotional empathy against control task?

A
  • BPD: increased activation right STS and insula

Controls: no difference

The more arousal (as measured by skin conductance) the greater the insula activity in patients

48
Q

What did Dziobek conclude about BPD patients?

A

Under and over activated STS

49
Q

What was the results Dziobek found about Cognitve Empathy task?

A
  • Under activated STS
  • Could contribute to impairments in ToM
50
Q

What was the results Dziobek found about emotional empathy tasks?

A
  • Over activated STS and insula
  • Increased autonomic arousal
  • Linked to emotional sensitivity

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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