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Biological Psychology > Anxiety and Depression > Flashcards

Anxiety and Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?

A

Fear or anxiety about one or more social situiations in which the invidiual is exposed to possible scrunity by others

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2
Q

How does an individual act if they have Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

Social situations are avoided or endured with marked fear or anxiety

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3
Q

What is the stress response?

A

Threatening stimulus causing fear

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4
Q

What does the stressor cause?

A
  • Increased vigilance and arosual
  • Increased avoidance behaviour
  • Activation of the sympathetic nervous sytem
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5
Q

What occurs when stress is detected?

A

Release of corticotropin-release hromone (CRH) in the Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What happens in the Pituitary gland when stress is detected?

A

Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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7
Q

What happens in the adrenal gland when stress is detected?

A

Releases cortisol

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8
Q

What effect does cortisol have on the body?

A
  • Increases smpathetic neevrous sytem activation and the associated physiological symptoms
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9
Q

How is the stress response regulated?

A
  • The amygdala activates the stress response
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10
Q

What type of medicines are usually prescribed for anxiety and depression?

A

SSRI - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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11
Q

What is indirectly involved in anixety disorders?

A

Serotonin

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12
Q

Why do SSRIs help in anxiety disorders?

A
  • SRIs increase density of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus
  • hippocampus can better modulate CRH release in the hypothalamus
  • Leading to HPA axis being less activated
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13
Q

What type of drugs can help with serve anxiety?

A

Benzodiazepines

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14
Q

Why are GPs relcuatate to prescribe Benzodiazepines?

A

Highly addictive class of drug

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15
Q

What is GABA?

A

An hibitory neurotransmitter - more activity = more inhibitory effect on brain

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16
Q

Where does antidepressants act on?

A

Monoamine transmission

17
Q

What is the controversy around antidepressants?

A

Drugs (e.g fluoxetine) are not effective for most cass of depression

18
Q

What is the monoamine theory?

A

Depression due to underactivity of monoaminergic systems - drugss which increase transmission in this system reduce depression

19
Q

What is the Neuroplasticity theory?

A
  • Depression associated with reduced neuroplasticity
  • Drug treatments like SSRIs indirectly reduce depressive symptoms (promote neuroplasticity via increased BDNF)
20
Q

What are tDCS and rTMS used for?

A

To treat severe or treatment resistant depression

21
Q

What is the cocordance rates of depression in identical twins?

A

60%

22
Q

How many people does depression affect?

A

10%

23
Q

What is the treatment for mild depression?

A

Low intensity psychotherapy

24
Q

What is treatment for severe depression?

A

High intensity psychotherapy

25
Q

What is treatment for severe unresponsive depression?

A

Brain stimulation

26
Q

What are the 3 alterative brain stimulation techinques?

A

tDCs (Transcranial direct current stimulation)

rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation)

ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)

27
Q

What does both tDCS and rTMS cause?

A

Stimulation of the prefrontal regions of the cortex

28
Q

What are structural differences in depression in the brain?

A
  • Reduction in grey matter volue in key regions
    (e.g PFC, OFC, ACC< amygdala, hippocampus in depression)
29
Q

What are the functional differences in an individual with depression in the brain?

A
  • Reduced activity in dIPFC, vIPFC, mPFC (controlled related regioins)
  • Increased activtiy in ACC, amygdala, insula (emotion related regions)
30
Q

What are cognitive effects of dpression?

A
  • Bias towards negative thinking
  • Struggle on tasks requiring execution

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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