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Biological Psychology > Revision of the Nervous System &  Biological Psychology Methods:  key information and concepts > Flashcards

Revision of the Nervous System &  Biological Psychology Methods:  key information and concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Type of cell providing physcial and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

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2
Q

What are dendrites function?

A

Serve as inpu zone, recieving information from other neurons

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3
Q

What is the function of cell body (soma) in a neuron

A

Store organelles of he cell and regulate proteins and lipids needed by the neuron

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4
Q

What is the Myelin sheath?

A

Fatty insulation around axons formed by glial cells

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5
Q

What is the function of the axon

A

Carries electrical impluses across a neuron

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6
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Connects the cell body of the neuron to the axon

Action potential orignates at the hillock

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7
Q

Wha is the function of the node of Ranvier?

A

Allows electrical impulse to move quickly

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8
Q

What is the function of the axon terminal?

A

Communicates with other cells at the synapse

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9
Q

What are CNS axons myelinated by?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

What are PNS axons myelinated by?

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

What are types of glial cells?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Astroglia
  • Ependymal cells
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12
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A
  • Involvement in the immune system
  • Role in cell death, synapse formation and elimination
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13
Q

What is the function of Astroglia?

A
  • Support and provide nourishment
  • Form blood-brain barrier
  • Establish and maintain synapses between neurons
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14
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

A
  • Has a role in cerebrospinal fluid
  • Homeostasis
  • Brain metabolism
  • Clearance of waste from the brain
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15
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A
  • Myelination
  • Trophic support
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16
Q

What is the function of Satellite cells

A
  • Trophic support
  • Maintaining the enviornment around neurons
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17
Q

What is the purpose of the forebrain?

A

Important in voluntary actions, thinking and processes

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18
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus (diecenphalon)

Telecephalon

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19
Q

What makes up the Telecephalon?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Corpus callosum
  • Lobes, grus (gyri), suclcus (sulci)
  • Hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia
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20
Q

What is in the midbrain?

A

Brainstem

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21
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

Learning and memory formation

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23
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional response to stimuli

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24
Q

Whaat is the limbic system made up of

A

Cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei and hippocampus

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25
How many different parts of the spinal cord are there?
31 segments
26
What is the purpose of the spinal cord?
Recieve sensory information from skin, joins and muscles Contains motor neurons responsible for voluntary and reflex movements
27
Purpose of the sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or flight response
28
Purpose of the Parasympahetic nervous system?
Rest and digest
29
What are afferent neurons in the somatic nervous system?
Carries information from sensory receptors found all over he body towards the central nervous sytem
30
What is the purpose of efferet neurons in the somatic nervous system?
Carries motor information away fromt he central nervous sytem to the muscles and glands of the body to initate an action
31
What is interneurons?
Found in the CNS, passes information between motor neurons and sensory neurons
32
How are nerves formed?
Axons with layer sof connective tissue, glia and blood vessels
33
What is the membrane potential?
Potential difference between inside and ouside of the cell
34
Why is the resting membrane potential negative? (-70mV)
More negatively charged ions on the inside (K+) as to outside (Na+ and Cl-)
35
What is action potential?
Reversal of membrane potential, a rapid sequence of change in the voltage across a membrane
36
What is Depolarisation?
Caused by a rapid rise in mmbran potential opening of sodum channels, causing a large influx of sodium ions
37
What is Repolarisation?
Rapid sodium channel inactivation and large efflux of potassium ions from activated potassium channels
38
What is hyperpolarisation?
Lowered membrane potential due to efflux of potassium ions and closing of potassium channels
39
What is Excitory postsynaptic potentials?
An increase in membrane potential to trigger an action potential
40
What is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
TYpe of synaptic potential that occurs when a neurotransmitter binds to an inhibitory receptor on a postsynaptic cell causing an influx of negative charged ions into the cell and a reduction in he membrane potential (less likely an action potential will be triggered)
41
What is the modulatory neurotransmitters?
Chemical substances that bind to receptors, influencing the exitability and function of target cells in the nervous sytem
42
Where is the Anterior located in the brain?
In front of, towards the face
43
Where is th Posterior in the brain?
Behind, towards the back
44
Where is the Superior located in the brain?
Above, toward the head
45
Where is the Inferior directing to?
Below, towards the feet
46
Where is the Medial directing to?
Towards the middle
47
Where is the Lateral directing to?
Towards the edge
48
Where is the Dorsal directing to?
Towars the top of the brain or the back of the spinal cord
49
Where is the Ventral directing to?
Towards the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord
50
Where is the Rostal directing to?
Toward the front of the brain or the top of the spinal cord
51
Where is the Caudal directing to?
Toward the back of the brain or the bottom of the spinal cord
52
Where is the frontal or coronal plane located?
Runs parallel to the eyes or ears and will divide the body into front and back regions
53
Whhat is the sagittal or longitundinal plane
Vrtical plane that runs perpendicular to the eys or ears and will divide the body into left and right regions
54
Why are pyramidal cells idal as curret generators?
- Spatially aligned - Perpendicular to the cortical surface - Recurrentl connected - Recieve synchronous inputs
55
What are th Advantages of EEG?
- Direct measure of neuronal activity  - Excellent temporal resolution (order of ms)   --> real-time signals - Non-invasive; safe; comfortable; quite inexpensiv
56
What are the Limitations of EEG?
- Low spatial resolution: because it records signals from scalp surface, it is not easy to say where the signals are generated within the brain
57
What is the Advantages of using PET?
- High spatial resolution (but for functional brain imaging not as good as fMRI) - Assesses many functional aspects (not only metabolism or CBF but also glia, neurotrasmitters, receptors, enzymes…) - Early detection of neurological diseases/disorders (e.g., AD)
58
What are the Limitations of PET?
- Radioactive tracers - Limited temporal resolution
59
What is Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) response?
- A activated brain region recieves more blood so oxygen is absorbed - Excess oxygen in brain region
60
What is T1 relaxation/recovery?
Rate at which nuclei spin back towards B0 ongitudinal field
61
What is T2 relaxation or decay?
De-phasing of spins
62
What is the function of MRI (Magnetic Resonace Imaging)
- Provides structural imaging measuring signal related to hydrogen
63
What is the function of fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining)
- fMRI provides functional imaging related to Hb
64
What are the advantages of fMRI?
- Excellent spatial resolution (~mm): it tells the location of brain activities accurately - Combines structural and functional information
65
What are the Limitations of fMRI?
- Measures metabolism and infers functioning indirectly  - Low temporal resolution (~sec): because it measures metabolism, which takes time to change (the peak is about 7 seconds after stimulus onset) - Expensive; not very comfortable for participants

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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