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Biological Psychology > Revision of the Nervous System &  Biological Psychology Methods:  key information and concepts > Flashcards

Revision of the Nervous System &  Biological Psychology Methods:  key information and concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Type of cell providing physcial and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

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2
Q

What are dendrites function?

A

Serve as inpu zone, recieving information from other neurons

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3
Q

What is the function of cell body (soma) in a neuron

A

Store organelles of he cell and regulate proteins and lipids needed by the neuron

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4
Q

What is the Myelin sheath?

A

Fatty insulation around axons formed by glial cells

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5
Q

What is the function of the axon

A

Carries electrical impluses across a neuron

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6
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Connects the cell body of the neuron to the axon

Action potential orignates at the hillock

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7
Q

Wha is the function of the node of Ranvier?

A

Allows electrical impulse to move quickly

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8
Q

What is the function of the axon terminal?

A

Communicates with other cells at the synapse

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9
Q

What are CNS axons myelinated by?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

What are PNS axons myelinated by?

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

What are types of glial cells?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Astroglia
  • Ependymal cells
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12
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A
  • Involvement in the immune system
  • Role in cell death, synapse formation and elimination
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13
Q

What is the function of Astroglia?

A
  • Support and provide nourishment
  • Form blood-brain barrier
  • Establish and maintain synapses between neurons
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14
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

A
  • Has a role in cerebrospinal fluid
  • Homeostasis
  • Brain metabolism
  • Clearance of waste from the brain
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15
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A
  • Myelination
  • Trophic support
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16
Q

What is the function of Satellite cells

A
  • Trophic support
  • Maintaining the enviornment around neurons
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17
Q

What is the purpose of the forebrain?

A

Important in voluntary actions, thinking and processes

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18
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus (diecenphalon)

Telecephalon

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19
Q

What makes up the Telecephalon?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Corpus callosum
  • Lobes, grus (gyri), suclcus (sulci)
  • Hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia
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20
Q

What is in the midbrain?

A

Brainstem

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21
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

Learning and memory formation

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23
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional response to stimuli

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24
Q

Whaat is the limbic system made up of

A

Cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei and hippocampus

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25
Q

How many different parts of the spinal cord are there?

A

31 segments

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the spinal cord?

A

Recieve sensory information from skin, joins and muscles

Contains motor neurons responsible for voluntary and reflex movements

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27
Q

Purpose of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight response

28
Q

Purpose of the Parasympahetic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest

29
Q

What are afferent neurons in the somatic nervous system?

A

Carries information from sensory receptors found all over he body towards the central nervous sytem

30
Q

What is the purpose of efferet neurons in the somatic nervous system?

A

Carries motor information away fromt he central nervous sytem to the muscles and glands of the body to initate an action

31
Q

What is interneurons?

A

Found in the CNS, passes information between motor neurons and sensory neurons

32
Q

How are nerves formed?

A

Axons with layer sof connective tissue, glia and blood vessels

33
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

Potential difference between inside and ouside of the cell

34
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential negative? (-70mV)

A

More negatively charged ions on the inside (K+) as to outside (Na+ and Cl-)

35
Q

What is action potential?

A

Reversal of membrane potential, a rapid sequence of change in the voltage across a membrane

36
Q

What is Depolarisation?

A

Caused by a rapid rise in mmbran potential opening of sodum channels, causing a large influx of sodium ions

37
Q

What is Repolarisation?

A

Rapid sodium channel inactivation and large efflux of potassium ions from activated potassium channels

38
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

Lowered membrane potential due to efflux of potassium ions and closing of potassium channels

39
Q

What is Excitory postsynaptic potentials?

A

An increase in membrane potential to trigger an action potential

40
Q

What is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

TYpe of synaptic potential that occurs when a neurotransmitter binds to an inhibitory receptor on a postsynaptic cell causing an influx of negative charged ions into the cell and a reduction in he membrane potential (less likely an action potential will be triggered)

41
Q

What is the modulatory neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical substances that bind to receptors, influencing the exitability and function of target cells in the nervous sytem

42
Q

Where is the Anterior located in the brain?

A

In front of, towards the face

43
Q

Where is th Posterior in the brain?

A

Behind, towards the back

44
Q

Where is the Superior located in the brain?

A

Above, toward the head

45
Q

Where is the Inferior directing to?

A

Below, towards the feet

46
Q

Where is the Medial directing to?

A

Towards the middle

47
Q

Where is the Lateral directing to?

A

Towards the edge

48
Q

Where is the Dorsal directing to?

A

Towars the top of the brain or the back of the spinal cord

49
Q

Where is the Ventral directing to?

A

Towards the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord

50
Q

Where is the Rostal directing to?

A

Toward the front of the brain or the top of the spinal cord

51
Q

Where is the Caudal directing to?

A

Toward the back of the brain or the bottom of the spinal cord

52
Q

Where is the frontal or coronal plane located?

A

Runs parallel to the eyes or ears and will divide the body into front and back regions

53
Q

Whhat is the sagittal or longitundinal plane

A

Vrtical plane that runs perpendicular to the eys or ears and will divide the body into left and right regions

54
Q

Why are pyramidal cells idal as curret generators?

A
  • Spatially aligned
  • Perpendicular to the cortical surface
  • Recurrentl connected
  • Recieve synchronous inputs
55
Q

What are th Advantages of EEG?

A
  • Direct measure of neuronal activity
  • Excellent temporal resolution (order of ms) –> real-time signals
  • Non-invasive; safe; comfortable; quite inexpensiv
56
Q

What are the Limitations of EEG?

A
  • Low spatial resolution: because it records signals from scalp surface, it is not easy to say where the signals are generated within the brain
57
Q

What is the Advantages of using PET?

A
  • High spatial resolution (but for functional brain imaging not as good as fMRI)
  • Assesses many functional aspects (not only metabolism or CBF but also glia, neurotrasmitters, receptors, enzymes…)
  • Early detection of neurological diseases/disorders (e.g., AD)
58
Q

What are the Limitations of PET?

A
  • Radioactive tracers
  • Limited temporal resolution
59
Q

What is Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) response?

A
  • A activated brain region recieves more blood so oxygen is absorbed
  • Excess oxygen in brain region
60
Q

What is T1 relaxation/recovery?

A

Rate at which nuclei spin back towards B0 ongitudinal field

61
Q

What is T2 relaxation or decay?

A

De-phasing of spins

62
Q

What is the function of MRI (Magnetic Resonace Imaging)

A
  • Provides structural imaging measuring signal related to hydrogen
63
Q

What is the function of fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining)

A
  • fMRI provides functional imaging related to Hb
64
Q

What are the advantages of fMRI?

A
  • Excellent spatial resolution (~mm): it tells the location of brain activities accurately
  • Combines structural and functional information
65
Q

What are the Limitations of fMRI?

A
  • Measures metabolism and infers functioning indirectly
  • Low temporal resolution (~sec): because it measures metabolism, which takes time to change (the peak is about 7 seconds after stimulus onset)
  • Expensive; not very comfortable for participants

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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