Theory (L1-2) Flashcards

1
Q

4 requirements of NS

A

variation
heritability
competition
differential reproduction

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2
Q

explain variation (4 NS)

A

indivs, in pop have diff phenotype, allow one or more trait to be selected for over others

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3
Q

explain heritability (4 NS)

A

offspring have prob of carrying same trait as parents, allows ‘selected’ trait to be passed on

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4
Q

explain competition (4 NS)

A

for resources, not all equally successful in acquiring energy

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5
Q

explain differential reproduction (4 NS)

A

some individuals better able to reproduce, enables change in freq of genotypes

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6
Q

define natural selection

A

change in frequency of genotypes within a pop over gens due to differences in ability of phenotypes to respond to selection pressures

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7
Q

define principal of allocation

A

trade offs, resources allocated to one process cannot be used for another

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8
Q

what are the two levels of explanation

A

proximate: within life time (what or how)
ultimate: fitness related (why)

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9
Q

define reproductive success

A

number of viable, fertile offspring produced by an individual

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10
Q

define fitness

A

measure of the contribution to the next generation of one genotype in a population relative to the contributions of other genotypes within the population

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11
Q

explain Fitness in relation to RS

A

RS relative to the rest of the population

o Fitness= geno/phenotype, RS= individual

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12
Q

define adaption as a verb

A

trait that enables carrier to be better suited to environ, result in higher fitness and therefor reproductive success against a specific selection pressure

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13
Q

define adaption as a noun

A

traits that result over the long term (outcomes) of process

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14
Q

how to know if a trait is an adaption

A

increases fitness

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15
Q

why do pops evolve not species

A

each pop= own selective pressures due to diff environs, // unlikely all evolving in same way

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16
Q

define differential mortality

A

o Different populations have different mortality exposure

17
Q

define differential fertility

A

children for any individual, but individuals in population differ in number that they produce

18
Q

3 types of selection

A

directional, disruptive, stablizing

19
Q

what does stabilising selection mean

A

population gets better and better at optimising environment

20
Q

define altruistic behaviour

A

a behavior that conveys an individual fitness cost to the actor and a fitness benefit to the recipient

21
Q

is altruistic individual evolution

A
  • = NOT expected to evolve through natural selection at the individual level
  • Imposes fitness cost (// less reproduction value)
22
Q

what is r

A

coefficient of relatedness

- proportion of alleles in common due to shared common ancestor

23
Q

what does hamiltons rule explain

A

genes with apparent fitness cost can be selected for

24
Q

what is hamiltons formula

25
whats the r of parent and child
1/2
26
define kin selection
natural selection in which an apparently disadvantageous characteristic (especially altruistic behaviour) increases in the population due to increased survival of individuals genetically related to those possessing the characteristic
27
how is kin selection a constraint function
o When the solution exceeds this constraint then a behaviour with an individual fitness cost can evolve
28
what is inclusive fitness
sum of individual fitness + additional fitness (copy of genes) increased in next generation through individuals influence on his/her relatives' reproduction
29
Example of kin selection
sterile worker bees abstaining from personal reproduction in order to raise others young (behaviour other than personal reproduction can pay off in replication of ones genes
30
what level does kin (indirect) focus on
gene freq change
31
direct vs indirect selection
* Offspring survival w/o parental care= direct selection | * Offspring survival w/ parental care= indirect selection difference= kin effect