Theory (L1-2)

Question 1

4 requirements of NS

Answer 1

variation
heritability
competition
differential reproduction

Question 2

explain variation (4 NS)

Answer 2

indivs, in pop have diff phenotype, allow one or more trait to be selected for over others

Question 3

explain heritability (4 NS)

Answer 3

offspring have prob of carrying same trait as parents, allows ‘selected’ trait to be passed on

Question 4

explain competition (4 NS)

Answer 4

for resources, not all equally successful in acquiring energy

Question 5

explain differential reproduction (4 NS)

Answer 5

some individuals better able to reproduce, enables change in freq of genotypes

Question 6

define natural selection

Answer 6

change in frequency of genotypes within a pop over gens due to differences in ability of phenotypes to respond to selection pressures

Question 7

define principal of allocation

Answer 7

trade offs, resources allocated to one process cannot be used for another

Question 8

what are the two levels of explanation

Answer 8

proximate: within life time (what or how)
ultimate: fitness related (why)

Question 9

define reproductive success

Answer 9

number of viable, fertile offspring produced by an individual

Question 10

define fitness

Answer 10

measure of the contribution to the next generation of one genotype in a population relative to the contributions of other genotypes within the population

Question 11

explain Fitness in relation to RS

Answer 11

RS relative to the rest of the population

o Fitness= geno/phenotype, RS= individual

Question 12

define adaption as a verb

Answer 12

trait that enables carrier to be better suited to environ, result in higher fitness and therefor reproductive success against a specific selection pressure

Question 13

define adaption as a noun

Answer 13

traits that result over the long term (outcomes) of process

Question 14

how to know if a trait is an adaption

Answer 14

increases fitness

Question 15

why do pops evolve not species

Answer 15

each pop= own selective pressures due to diff environs, // unlikely all evolving in same way

Question 16

define differential mortality

Answer 16

o Different populations have different mortality exposure

Question 17

define differential fertility

Answer 17

children for any individual, but individuals in population differ in number that they produce

Question 18

3 types of selection

Answer 18

directional, disruptive, stablizing

Question 19

what does stabilising selection mean

Answer 19

population gets better and better at optimising environment

Question 20

define altruistic behaviour

Answer 20

a behavior that conveys an individual fitness cost to the actor and a fitness benefit to the recipient

Question 21

is altruistic individual evolution

Answer 21

• = NOT expected to evolve through natural selection at the individual level
• Imposes fitness cost (// less reproduction value)

Question 22

what is r

Answer 22

coefficient of relatedness

- proportion of alleles in common due to shared common ancestor

Question 23

what does hamiltons rule explain

Answer 23

genes with apparent fitness cost can be selected for

Question 24

what is hamiltons formula

Answer 24

rB > c

Question 25

whats the r of parent and child

Answer 25

1/2

Question 26

define kin selection

Answer 26

natural selection in which an apparently disadvantageous characteristic (especially altruistic behaviour) increases in the population due to increased survival of individuals genetically related to those possessing the characteristic

Question 27

how is kin selection a constraint function

Answer 27

o When the solution exceeds this constraint then a behaviour with an individual fitness cost can evolve

Question 28

what is inclusive fitness

Answer 28

sum of individual fitness + additional fitness (copy of genes) increased in next generation through individuals influence on his/her relatives’ reproduction

Question 29

Example of kin selection

Answer 29

sterile worker bees abstaining from personal reproduction in order to raise others young (behaviour other than personal reproduction can pay off in replication of ones genes

Question 30

what level does kin (indirect) focus on

Answer 30

gene freq change

Question 31

direct vs indirect selection

Answer 31

• Offspring survival w/o parental care= direct selection

* Offspring survival w/ parental care= indirect selection difference= kin effect