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ANHB2215 > Ecology- Typologies > Flashcards

Ecology- Typologies Flashcards

1
Q

what is the current habitat for 5 typologies

A

hg- extremes (desert)
h- high altitude tropical forest,
p- savannah, high mountains
agr- temperate flood plains,

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2
Q

why do horticulturalists live in tropical forests with high altitude

A
  • High temp + rainfall
  • Limited cold season
  • Plants grow most seasons
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3
Q

why do agriculturalists live in temperate flood plains

A
  • Tropical soils to nutrient poor
  • High latitudes short growing season
  • Favours plants that produce seeds quickly (annuals) = ‘grains’
  • Tropical soils poor, don’t support annuals
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4
Q

what is the density of the 5 typologies

A

hg + p= low density
hort- moderate
agri-mid high

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5
Q

why are hg low density pops

A

-lower resource richness + stability > cannot feed large people

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6
Q

what is the settlement of the 5 typologies

A

hg- nomadic kin groups
past- nom
hort- relatively stable (5-15 yrs)
agri- settled

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7
Q

explain the nomadic movement of hg + past

A
  • Days/weeks
  • Resource depletes
  • Seasonal
  • Waste + pest accumulation
  • Limits accumulation of goods
  • Reduces inter-group hostilities)
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8
Q

explain relatively stable settlement of hort

A
  • Need to be able to reap benefit of gardening, cutting trees
  • Move when depleated
    Enables raiding
  • For women, gardens
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9
Q

what is the 5 typologies diet

A

hg- highly variable
past- animal products
hort- diverse (some meat)
agri- less varied, cereal based with limited meat

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10
Q

what typology is frequent food shortages

A

past

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11
Q

how much meat does the !kung eat

A

20-40%

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12
Q

explain human cultivation and selection propagation

A
  • Humans act as selection pressure > select for higher yield
  • Fewer plant protections, larger grains
  • Evolution through artificial selection
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13
Q

what typology was effected by dental health declines and why

A

Decline in nutritional quality

  • Increase calorie intake but had nutritional cost
  • Narrower food range
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14
Q

why was famine more likely for agriculture

A
  • Reliance on food types // when production suffer = more people in denser pop suffer consequences
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15
Q

what type of technology did hg use

A

Extractive

- Bows (further from pray= safer + more effective), spears (need proximity)

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16
Q

why was hg information culture

A
  • Prey distrib. + behaviour plant distribution, variation, properties seasonal
  • Knowledge socially passed down often more essential than ‘brute strength’
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17
Q

What type of tech is hort

A

labor intensive

tools still fairly simple

18
Q

why does hort work more

A

future benefit

- optimisation

19
Q

what type of tech is agri

A

animal hydro, fossil fuels

20
Q

examples of tech used by agri

A

ploughing, wheeled drayage (harvest in mass and move to location), irrigation (increases productivity)

21
Q

what are the social organisations of the 5 typologies

A

hg- egalitarian
past- stratified
hort- strat by individual + male or female kin
agri- highly strat, kin groups

22
Q

explain egalitarian of hg

A
  • Control through ostracism’
  • Low densities + movement = small band structure = little specialisation
  • Bilateral kinship
23
Q

explain stratification of past

A
  • by age, wealth and male kin
    Segmentary lineages:
  • related through males
24
Q

explain strat of hort

A 
Stratified by indiv + male or female kin
-	male hierarchy 
Patrilineal vs Matrilineal 
-	kinship along sex line 
-	female/remain in natal area
25
Q

explain start of agri

A

Highly stratified; kin groups

  • male heriarchy (individual)
  • male dominance (means of production)
  • dowry
26
Q

what are the 5 typologies of most common mating system

A

hg- series monogamy
past- poly
hort- mono/ poly
agri- mono/ extreme poly

27
Q

explain serial monogamy of hg

A
  • Scarce resources // need both parents for child support
28
Q

explain polygyny of past

A
  • Increase resources = settlement > status change > polygamy
  • Bride wealth: heard animals to wife
  • 0 to 4 wives per male
29
Q

fertility of hg

A

low fertility
IBI= 4-5 yrs
- TFR= 4-6
- Limited resources= need more invest in single offspring

30
Q

fertility of hort

A

higher fert

  1. 5-4
    - IBI low // TFR incr
    - Food easier for breastfeed // able to wean // low IBI
31
Q

fertility of agri

A 
lower
Shorter IBI (<2-3)
-	= maternal depletion = higher death rates 
-	Shorter IBI= pooer nutrition
32
Q

life expectancy of hg

A

Life expectancy determined highly on early years

- mortality concentrated in early ages (20-30%)

33
Q

mortality of hort

A

Some higher mortality

- inc density = inc juvenile mortality (inc disease + warfare, infantidce) = dec parental care

34
Q

mortality of agri

A

Infectious disease =

  • inc mortality + dec IFI
  • Climate + density, settlement = malaria
35
Q

child social development of 5 typologies

A

hg- slower
past- female faster
hort- female faster
agri- both fast

36
Q

explain slower child development

A
  • delayed production capabilities (knowledge + strength required)
37
Q

explain female child faster development in past

A

earlier work + marriage

38
Q

explain fast development of child agri

A
  • chid labor + forced to mature into roles
39
Q

5 typologies of sexual division of labor

A

hg- some
past- pronounced
hort- more than hg
agri- pronounced

40
Q

which culture is women doing most labor

A

hort

41
Q

why is division of labor pronounced in agri

A
  • females in food prep not production
  • (15% from 50% in hort)
  • Shifts due to heavier labour, increase children (trade off production for reproduction)
42
Q

explain status in each typology

A

hg- indiv achieved
past- hierarchal patrilineal
hort- indie achieved, male dominant
agri- lineage based hierarchies, inherited

ANHB2215 (15 decks)

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