Ecology- Typologies Flashcards
what is the current habitat for 5 typologies
hg- extremes (desert)
h- high altitude tropical forest,
p- savannah, high mountains
agr- temperate flood plains,
why do horticulturalists live in tropical forests with high altitude
- High temp + rainfall
- Limited cold season
- Plants grow most seasons
why do agriculturalists live in temperate flood plains
- Tropical soils to nutrient poor
- High latitudes short growing season
- Favours plants that produce seeds quickly (annuals) = ‘grains’
- Tropical soils poor, don’t support annuals
what is the density of the 5 typologies
hg + p= low density
hort- moderate
agri-mid high
why are hg low density pops
-lower resource richness + stability > cannot feed large people
what is the settlement of the 5 typologies
hg- nomadic kin groups
past- nom
hort- relatively stable (5-15 yrs)
agri- settled
explain the nomadic movement of hg + past
- Days/weeks
- Resource depletes
- Seasonal
- Waste + pest accumulation
- Limits accumulation of goods
- Reduces inter-group hostilities)
explain relatively stable settlement of hort
- Need to be able to reap benefit of gardening, cutting trees
- Move when depleated
Enables raiding - For women, gardens
what is the 5 typologies diet
hg- highly variable
past- animal products
hort- diverse (some meat)
agri- less varied, cereal based with limited meat
what typology is frequent food shortages
past
how much meat does the !kung eat
20-40%
explain human cultivation and selection propagation
- Humans act as selection pressure > select for higher yield
- Fewer plant protections, larger grains
- Evolution through artificial selection
what typology was effected by dental health declines and why
Decline in nutritional quality
- Increase calorie intake but had nutritional cost
- Narrower food range
why was famine more likely for agriculture
- Reliance on food types // when production suffer = more people in denser pop suffer consequences
what type of technology did hg use
Extractive
- Bows (further from pray= safer + more effective), spears (need proximity)
why was hg information culture
- Prey distrib. + behaviour plant distribution, variation, properties seasonal
- Knowledge socially passed down often more essential than ‘brute strength’
What type of tech is hort
labor intensive
tools still fairly simple
why does hort work more
future benefit
- optimisation
what type of tech is agri
animal hydro, fossil fuels
examples of tech used by agri
ploughing, wheeled drayage (harvest in mass and move to location), irrigation (increases productivity)
what are the social organisations of the 5 typologies
hg- egalitarian
past- stratified
hort- strat by individual + male or female kin
agri- highly strat, kin groups
explain egalitarian of hg
- Control through ostracism’
- Low densities + movement = small band structure = little specialisation
- Bilateral kinship
explain stratification of past
- by age, wealth and male kin
Segmentary lineages: - related through males
explain strat of hort
Stratified by indiv + male or female kin - male hierarchy Patrilineal vs Matrilineal - kinship along sex line - female/remain in natal area
explain start of agri
Highly stratified; kin groups
- male heriarchy (individual)
- male dominance (means of production)
- dowry
what are the 5 typologies of most common mating system
hg- series monogamy
past- poly
hort- mono/ poly
agri- mono/ extreme poly
explain serial monogamy of hg
- Scarce resources // need both parents for child support
explain polygyny of past
- Increase resources = settlement > status change > polygamy
- Bride wealth: heard animals to wife
- 0 to 4 wives per male
fertility of hg
low fertility
IBI= 4-5 yrs
- TFR= 4-6
- Limited resources= need more invest in single offspring
fertility of hort
higher fert
- 5-4
- IBI low // TFR incr
- Food easier for breastfeed // able to wean // low IBI
fertility of agri
lower Shorter IBI (<2-3) - = maternal depletion = higher death rates - Shorter IBI= pooer nutrition
life expectancy of hg
Life expectancy determined highly on early years
- mortality concentrated in early ages (20-30%)
mortality of hort
Some higher mortality
- inc density = inc juvenile mortality (inc disease + warfare, infantidce) = dec parental care
mortality of agri
Infectious disease =
- inc mortality + dec IFI
- Climate + density, settlement = malaria
child social development of 5 typologies
hg- slower
past- female faster
hort- female faster
agri- both fast
explain slower child development
- delayed production capabilities (knowledge + strength required)
explain female child faster development in past
earlier work + marriage
explain fast development of child agri
- chid labor + forced to mature into roles
5 typologies of sexual division of labor
hg- some
past- pronounced
hort- more than hg
agri- pronounced
which culture is women doing most labor
hort
why is division of labor pronounced in agri
- females in food prep not production
- (15% from 50% in hort)
- Shifts due to heavier labour, increase children (trade off production for reproduction)
explain status in each typology
hg- indiv achieved
past- hierarchal patrilineal
hort- indie achieved, male dominant
agri- lineage based hierarchies, inherited
