Genetics (L16-17)

Question 1

3 Measures of genetic diversity

Answer 1

Nucleotide diversity (π)
Heterozygosity
FST

Question 2

explain Nucleotide diversity (π) measurement

Answer 2

probability of two randomly chosen sequences from within the population have different bases at the same nucleotide position
prob (0-1), higher number= more diverse

Question 3

explain heterozygosity measurement

Answer 3

Proportion of loci at which a randomly chosen individual is heterozygous on average
– Value between 0-1 , closer to one= more diverse

Question 4

explain FST measurement

Answer 4

genetic

distance between populations (values 0 – 1)

Question 5

if gene flow is high what is FST

Answer 5

– If Gene Flow is high FST close to 0

Question 6

if populations are isolated what is FST

Answer 6

highly differentiated populations (isolation eg) FST is close to 1

Question 7

What are the 2 differences in mating pattern

Answer 7

1. sex bias (M=a, Y=b)

2. directional mating

Question 8

what are factors variation between humans is explain by

Answer 8

diet

infectious disease

Question 9

explain lactose deficiency as convergent evolution

Answer 9

o Arises independently
• Two different pops= come to same conclusion in two different ways
o Indicates as strong selection pressure

Question 10

name 2 variants associated with protection against malaria

Answer 10

sickle cell

G6PD

Question 11

why can G6PD enzyme (2 copies= bad) be maladaptive

Answer 11

multiple epidemics in same region