Theorists

Question 1

Jean Piaget (3)

Answer 1

• pioneer of cognitive theory
• cognitive theory: the way people think and understand shapes their behaviour and personality
• believed that how children think is more important and more revealing of their mental ability than what they know

Question 2

Jean Piaget 4 Stages of Cognitive Development (7)

Answer 2

1. Sensorimotor (Birth-2)
   - infants use their senses and motor skills to understand the world
   ex) reflexes: sucking, hand-mouth coordination, holding bottle
2. Preoperational Stage (2-6)
   - can begin to think symbolically, think about and understand objects using mental processes that are independent of what is actually happening
   - think of past, present, and future events, and to pretend
   - egocentric (the sun is following them)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
   - can reason logically about concrete events and problems with concrete features of the world, not abstract situations
4. Formal Operational (12-Adult)
   - people are capable of thinking hypothetically and abstractly

Question 3

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (5)

Answer 3

1. physiological needs: air, water, food, shelter, sleep
2. safety needs: safe environment
3. social needs (love and belongingness): desire to belong to a group, be accepted by others, and to be loved
4. esteem needs: involves ones self esteem and the esteem, compliments, rewards, recognitions
5. self actualization: needs to achieve ones full potential, accomplishing everything they strived form

Question 4

self-esteem

Answer 4

-the pride in oneself or self-respect and he esteem one gets from others

Question 5

Erik Erikson (4)

Answer 5

• developed a theory on physical, emotional and psychological human development
• each stage is characterized by a different psychological crisis that must be resolved before the person can successfully progress to the next stage
• the success of each stage depends on how well the previous crisis was resolved
• if a person doesn’t resolve a crisis, it will continue to affect the persons development throughout life

Question 6

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Life (7)

Answer 6

Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)

• learn to act with a sense of purpose and to initiate actions on their own such as peer relationships and language in their activities
• children who aren’t encouraged to participate cling to adults and don’t develop good play skills

Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (6-11)

• learn to work hard to develop their skills and talents
• results in a feeling of competence, self disciple, and working well with others
• children who don’t have the chance to work may feel a sense of failure, leading to inferiority

Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18)

• develop a sense of who they are, what they can do, and where they are going in life
• those who aren’t able to build a sense of self suffer from role confusion, drifting through life not understanding themselves or where they’re going