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AY13 Sociology - Education > Theories/Perspectives > Flashcards

Theories/Perspectives Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functionalism - according to functionalism, what should education emphasise?

A

Moral responsibilities members of society have towards each other.

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2
Q

Functionalism - according to Emile Durkheim, why is history important to teach?

A

Develops loyalty & pride to your nation, creating a shared sense of identity.

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3
Q

Functionalism - what does Parsons believe the main role of education is?

A

Form bridge between family & wider society by socialising children to adopt meritocratic view of education.

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4
Q

Functionalism - according to functionalists, what are the 3 main functions of education?

A

Socialisation
Skills provision
Role allocation

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5
Q

Functionalism - name 3 criticisms of the functionalist approach.

A

Education isn’t powerful enough to socialise people in a multicultural society.

Society doesn’t produce skills needed for the economy.

The claim education is fair & meritocratic doesn’t consider inequalities within education, eg class.

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6
Q

Marxism - who does the education institution serve?

A

The needs of the ruling class.

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7
Q

Marxism - what are the two main purposes education performs in a capitalist society?

A

Reproduce class inequalities.

Legitimise inequalities through meritocracy.

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8
Q

Marxism - what does education reproduce?

A

The conditions needed to capitalism to flourish without force.

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9
Q 
Marxism - who believes working-class culture is separated through music/art etc and ruling class culture is more advanced?
What is this called?
A

Pierre Bourdieu (1977)

‘Symbolic violence’ against the working class.

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10
Q

Marxism - how does Pierre Bourdieu (1977) believe the working-class culture is separated?

What is this a form of?

A

Ruling-class culture is viewed as more advanced & accepted, whilst working-class culture is rejected.

Symbolic violence.

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11
Q

Marxism - what are criticisms of the marxist approach to education?

(3)

A

Doesn’t consider other factors.
Now considered work requires teamwork.
Education requires critical thinking.

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12
Q

New Right - why is education important?

A

Providing a successful economy.

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13
Q

New Right - what are criticisms of the New Right approach?

2

A

Favours the rich, allowing them advantages.

Working-class talent is wasted, harming the economy.

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14
Q

New Right - what does private education prioritise?

A

Profit not wellbeing, maintaining high standards.

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15
Q

New Right - what should education be ran as?

A

A business.

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16
Q

New Right - what can state education do?

A

Drain an economy.

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17
Q

Postmodernism - what does Postmodernism deny?

A

A single way of being able to tackle the problems within education.

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18
Q

Postmodernism - what is education no longer separate from?

A

Other aspects of life - it’s become integrated with leisure & work.

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19
Q

Postmodernism - what develops too fast for institutions to keep up with?

A

Society

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20
Q

Postmodernism - what are criticisms of the Postmodern approach?

(2)

A

Exaggerates changes in society.

Ignores how education can be shaped by big businesses rather than individual wishes.

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21
Q

Marxism - how do schools mirror work in a capitalist society, according to correspondence theory?

(3)

A

Hierarchy = boss (headteacher) at top, different management levels (staff) in middle & workers at bottom (pupils).

Rewards & sanctions = people are rewarded for hard work & given sanctions for misbehaving.

Passive & docile = looks for a passive, unimaginative & uncomplaining workforce (schools).

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22
Q

Functionalism - a united/orderly society can be created if people ________ with ______, regardless of _______ abilities.
Education has done this by making ______ more _________.

A

a) cooperate
b) others
c) academic
d) society
e) heterogenous

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23
Q

Functionalism - according to Davis and Moore, one of the 3 main roles of education is role allocation.
Explain this.

(3)

A

People sorted into roles on class & background.

Society is meritocratic.

Provides nationally recognised qualifications so employers can see who’s best.

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24
Q

Functionalism - criticisms of Davis & Moore’s ideas about role allocation:
_______ _______ is neglected as schools encourage _________ too much, creating a focus on ________ activities so students can’t access ____ ____ for them, resulting in _______ role allocation

A

a) social solidarity
b) competition
c) cooperative
d) skills best
e) inaccurate

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25
Q

Marxism - Bowles and Gintes’ correspondence theory states _________ students are encouraged to enter their ______ career - _____ ________ mirror the ______ work _________.

A

a) working-class
b) ‘destined’
c) school expectations
d) capitalist work environment

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26
Q

Neo-marxism - what Paul Willis find?

Who does this contradict?

A

Working-class boys chose to form an anti-school subculture as they willingly accepted their fate as factory workers and saw no relevance in educated.

Bowles and Gintes

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27
Q

Marxism - according to Bowles and Gintes, working-class pupils ended up in ______ work or low ____/low ______ work because ______ & ______ shape them into believing that their ______ is ______.

A

a) factory
b) paid/skilled
c) schools
d) society
e) future
f) fixed

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28
Q

Marxism - name 3 MATERIAL factors that led to the educational disadvantage of working-class pupils.

A

Lower attendance rates due to inadequate nutrition & health.

Private tuition is too expensive.

More likely to live near poor-performing schools.

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29
Q

Marxism - name 3 CULTURAL factors that led to the educational disadvantage of working-class pupils.

A

Attitudes
Codes
Sets

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30
Q

Why girls underachieved in the PAST:
___________.
_______ are ____ likely to ____ sons ________ & _______ daughters from long ______ courses.
___________ has _______ messages to enforce a ______ divide, eg _________ feature boys handling ________.

A

a) socialisation
b) families
c) more
d) fund
e) educations
f) discourage
g) training
h) hidden curriculum
i) subliminal
j) gender
k) science
l) equipment

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31
Q

Marxism - name 3 changes in SOCIETY which may have contributed to the IMPROVED educational performance of girls.

A

Equal Pay Act (1970) & Sex Discrimination Act (1975)

The pill (1961) & abortion (1967) - women had families later.

Teacher training involves avoiding gender labelling.

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32
Q 
Marxism - Pierre Bourdieu:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is \_\_\_\_\_ into accepting \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & limited social \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Education \_\_\_\_\_\_ middle-class \_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Working-class \_\_\_\_\_\_ is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_).
A

a) working-class
b) duped
c) failure
d) mobility
e) values
f) values/cultures
g) culture
h) rejected
i) symbolic violence

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33
Q 
Marxism - Louis Althusser stated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an ideological state apparatus - it's \_\_\_\_\_ function is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ class \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
It \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ruling-class \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ beliefs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ values to encourage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ it.
Takes place through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

a) education
b) main
c) maintain & reproduce
d) inequalities.
e) transmits
f) capitalist
g) disguised
h) common
i) competition
j) question

Takes place through hidden curriculum.

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34
Q

Marxism - Bowles and Gintes (1976) state the ____________ is used to _______ students for the ________. ________ students are given higher _____ than those who are _______ and rewarded with _______ rewards of _____ success.

A

a) hidden curriculum
b) prepare
c) workforce
d) conformist
e) grades
f) creative
g) external
h) exam

35
Q

Neo-Marxist - Paul Willis’ (1977) studied a group of boys in a comprehensive school & found they took an anti-school stance/subculture.
Explain this study. (4)

A

Opposed schools norms & values.
Felt superior.
Traditional working-class masculinity.
1st job = unskilled manual & lacked respect.

36
Q 
Neo-Marxist - what did Henry Giroux (1994) suggest schools are sites of?
What do working-class students actively do?
What does Giroux disagree with?
A

Ideological struggle by different classes & ethnicities as they strive to ensure education provides what they want.
Shape their own education & resist discipline.
Conventional marxist approach.

37
Q

New Right - what did Chubb and Moe (1988) suggest state education is unresponsive to?

How does this differ to private education?

A

Needs of pupils/parents, creating low standards.

Private education must please pupils/parents to survive so has higher standards.

38
Q

Social Democrats - what should schools provide?

What do they believe should come from the education system?

A

Help to those from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Greater equality.

39
Q

Social Democrats - how should the rich be stopped from using their wealth to their advantage?

A

Pay higher taxes & more govt spending on state education to provide equal opportunities.

40
Q

Social Democrats - who was seen as influential to the role of education in the eyes of Social Democrats?

A

British Labour govts in 1960s & 70s.

41
Q

Social Democrats - what are criticisms of the Social Democratic view?

(2)

A

Doesn’t consider other factors like race.

High spending on education might not lead to improvement or economic growth.

42
Q

Functionalism - what are the 3 norms and values transmitted by education, according to Durkheim?

A

Social solidarity
Teaching social roles & how to abide by them
Teaching specialist skills

43
Q

Functionalism - explain the concept of ‘instilling social solidarity’, according to Durkheim.

A

History in schools lets children see themselves as part of a bigger picture & connect with people from different backgrounds & experiences.

44
Q

Functionalism - explain the concept of ‘teaching social rules and how to abide by them’, according to Durkheim.
(2)

A

Schools ensure everyone follows a particular set of rules & behaves the same. Learning to interact within the rules is learning how to function in society.

45
Q

Functionalism - explain the concept of ‘teaching of specialist skills’, according to Durkheim.

A

Children learn different things in school depending on future roles/jobs.

46
Q

Functionalism - why do marxists criticise Durkheim’s ideas? (2)

A

Question where the shared values come from & whose interests they serve.

Not everyone suits norms & values presented by society & the elite use education to spread their ideologies.

47
Q

Functionalism - why do Postmodernists criticise Durkheim’s ideas? (2)

A

Outdated - imagines a society where value consensus is possible.

Society is multicultural & schools don’t/shouldn’t produce a set of norms & values for the whole of society.

48
Q

Marxist - what is mechanical solidarity?

A

People have their own roles & can move between levels/roles in society.

49
Q

Functionalist - what is organic analogy?

A

People are interdependent & allocated roles/levels in society.

50
Q

New Right - why does the new right believe competition is essential?

A

To create innovation & motivate people so they don’t later become state-dependent.

51
Q

Functionalist - name 3 ways role allocation can take place.

A

Setting & streaming
Careers advisers
Tiered exams

52
Q

Marxist - who outlined cultural capital?

A

Bourdieu

53
Q

Marxist Feminist - what does the hidden curriculum transmit?

A

Patriarchal values, gender inequality & uneven role allocation.

54
Q

Marxist - what is false class consciousness as outlined by Louis Althusser?

A

Indoctrination - people grow up so ingrained in their environment, they don’t see the rigid class system & are blind to their oppression.

55
Q

Marxist - what are language/cultural codes?

Give an example.

A

Spoken/written language of cultural capital.

Regional accents - some may seem less educated than others.

56
Q

Functionalism - what do Davis and Moore assert about education’s purpose for society?

A

There must be unequal rewards for society to function - social stratification is evidence of meritocracy working.

57
Q

New Right - What do the new right caution against standardisation and fairness in schools?

A

Schools must create competition to motivate students & create a meritocracy. Without it, students are lazy & unambitious, leading to less people filling roles in society.

58
Q

Functionalism - how did the introduction of a National Curriculum help the meritocracy of the education system?

A

Students learn the same thing which creates fairness & equity as each student is given the same starting point.

59
Q

Feminism - how are gender roles reinforced in schools?

3

A

Male headteachers & subordinate female teachers.
Different uniforms.
Sport choices.

60
Q

Feminism - how do schools use gendered language?

3

A

Pet names for students.
Pupil’s sexist language.
Miss/Mrs/Ms.

61
Q

Feminism - how do schools reinforce gendered physical behaviour?

(1)

A

Teacher’s body language when addressing pupils.

62
Q

Feminism - how is the curriculum considered sexist?

A

Mostly male historical figures.

Gender of teachers can be subject specific.

63
Q

Feminism - what are gendered expectations within school? (3)

A

Boys being disruptive is ‘boys being boys’, but girls are disobedient.
Teachers have lower expectations of boys.
Dress codes.

64
Q

Radical feminism - what did Barnyard (2011) find?

A

Sexual harassment is considered a lesser form of bullying.

65
Q

Marxist feminism - how do women benefit capitalism?

4

A

Cheap labour for employers through consumerism.
Paid less & treated differently in the workplace.
Absorb male proletariat workers anger at work.
Reproduce labour force.

66
Q

Marxist feminism - how can the situation of women be improved?

A

Overthrowing capitalism & revolution.

67
Q

Marxist feminism - how does familial ideology present the domestic division of labour?

(3)

A

Natural & normal - media portrays family as only way women can be fulfilled. Ideas of femininity are rooted in women’s mind - once these ideas are challenged, familial ideology can be challenged.

68
Q

Dual systems feminism - what is dual systems feminism?

3

A

Radical & marxist feminism - capitalist & patriarchal systems can’t be separated.
Study how domestic division of labour & paid work reinforce each other.
Capitalism wants cheap labour & patriarchy wants women in the domestic sphere - systems don’t always agree.

69
Q

Dual systems feminism - how can the situation of women be improved?

A

Overthrow the capitalist, patriarchal society through revolution.

70
Q

Difference feminism - what is difference feminism?

2

A

Women experience the patriarchy differently based on background.
Contemporary feminism is exclusive.

71
Q

Difference feminism - what is universalism?

A

Considering all women, regardless of backgrounds. Contemporary feminism claims a ‘false universalism’ & only focuses on experiences of privileged women.

72
Q

Difference feminism - regarding universalism, what do difference feminists claim exists?

A

‘False universalism’ that just focuses on the experience of white, middle-class, heterosexual etc women.

73
Q

Radical feminism - how is radical feminism criticised?

A

Ideas of a ‘male-free’ society is too extreme & fanciful - most women don’t want be separate from men, so instead alter attitudes/behaviour.

74
Q

Feminism - how are the way each feminist group interacts criticised?

A

Divisions between them creates internal criticism where they’re distracted from their aim.

75
Q

Feminism - how do Postmodernists criticise feminism?

A

It’s not needed in contemporary society.

76
Q

Feminism - what are Walby’s 6 structures of the patriarchy?

A 
Paid work
Household production
Culture
Sexuality
Violence
State
77
Q

Feminism - one of Walby’s 6 structures of the patriarchy is paid work.
Explain this.

(2)

A

Men dominate best paid jobs while women are paid less & do more part-time work.

Some women don’t work or work part-time due to lack of good job opportunities.

78
Q

Feminism - one of Walby’s 6 structures of the patriarchy is household production.
Explain this.

(2)

A

Men benefit from women’s unpaid work as they do majority of housework & childcare.

But, easier divorce means women aren’t trapped by marriage & difference feminists see family life as less exploitative than racist labour market so prefer it.

79
Q

Feminism - one of Walby’s 6 structures of the patriarchy is culture.
Explain this.

(2)

A

Western societies socialises men & women differently.

Key sign of femininity today is sexual attractiveness to men, increasingly for older women.

80
Q

Feminism - one of Walby’s 6 structures of the patriarchy is sexuality.
Explain this.

(2)

A

‘Sexual double standard’ means women are criticised for being ‘too’ sexually active, whereas men are praised.

Heterosexuality creates pressure for women to be heterosexually active & service males through marriage.

81
Q

Feminism - one of Walby’s 6 structures of the patriarchy is violence.
Explain this.

(1)

A

Violence against women is a form of male control over women.

82
Q

Feminism - one of Walby’s 6 structures of the patriarchy is violence.
Explain this.

(2)

A

The state is still patriarchal, racist & capitalist = there’s been little attempt to improve women’s position in public sphere & equal opportunities legislation is rarely enforced.

83
Q

Marxist - what did Halsey & Floud (1968) outline?

A

Social class differentiation - all children are born equally but experience life differently through social class & education.

AY13 Sociology - Education (12 decks)

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