Differential Achievement by Gender Flashcards
What is a tripartite system?
Pupils take 11+ test & are separated into 3 types of school: grammars, technical & secondary moderns.
It was gradually replaced by the comprehensive system from the 60s.
When were women allowed to begin attending university?
1877
What had the trend been between the sexes up until the mid 1980s?
Boys outperformed girls in everything apart from the 11+ test.
What has happened since the 1990s?
Girls outperform boys in almost all aspects of education.
Although girls were doing _____ in ______ schools/the ___ ____, there were equal spaces for ____ ____ in ____ schools.
a) better
b) primary
c) 11+ test
d) both sexes
e) grammar
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SATS
What % of girls vs. boys reached expected standards in maths, reading and writing?
Girls = 70% Boys = 60%
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SATS
What subject to boys perform least well?
Reading - 69% reaching expected standards.
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SATS
What subject do boys outperform girls?
Maths - 29% reaching expected standards vs. 25% of girls.
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SATS
What % of students from disadvantaged backgrounds achieved expected standards in maths, reading & writing?
How does this compare to non-disadvantaged students?
a) 51%
b) 71%
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION GCSEs
What percentage of girls received 7+ in GCSEs?
Boys?
a) 25.8%
b) 18.6%
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION A LEVELS
How many girls take A levels compared to how many boys?
It’s equal
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION A LEVELS
Which sex gets more As at A level? Provide evidence
Girls 25.5% v. 25.4%
2019 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION A LEVELS
Which sex gets more A*s at A level? Provide evidence
Boys 8.2% v. 7.5%
HIGHER EDUCATION STATISTICS AGENCY 2016 - 17
How many women attended university?
How many men?
1.3 mill v. 1 mill
HIGHER EDUCATION STATISTICS AGENCY 2016 - 17
What subjects have more men?
What have more women?
Men - engineering & maths
Women - education & medicine
HIGHER EDUCATION STATISTICS AGENCY 2016 - 17
What % of women achieved a 1st or 2:1?
What % of men?
Women - 77%
Men - 72%
External - GENDERED SOCIALISATION
Outline two reasons as to why girls have better language skills as a result of gendered socialisation.
Edwards & David (2000) - mothers talk more frequently to their daughters from a young age
Hannah (2000) - girls relate to their peer by talking whilst boys related to their peers by being active.
External - GENDERED SOCIALISATION
What does some evidence suggests girls are taught to behave that compares to boys?
Give evidence
More formally & responsibly.
Girls are expected to sit still & be quiet and by 7, they’re more likely to pay attention in class and exercise self-discipline.
External - GENDERED SOCIALISATION
What does Kirby (2000) point out?
Modern computer games do little to address this language deficiency.
External - GENDERED SOCIALISATION
E______ & D_____ (20__) find ______ allow ____ to be more _______ & ___________.
This leads to boys being _____ likely to break _____ & _____ able to manage their _________.
a) Edwards & David (2000)
b) parents
c) boys
d) noisy & attention-seeking
e) more
f) rules
g) less
h) behaviour
External - GENDERED SOCIALISATION
What does Frosh (2001) suggest about how boys regard schoolwork?
Feminine & unmanly - showing an interest in school or asking help from teachers/peers was viewed as silly & weak.
External - GENDERED SOCIALISATION
K______ & T_______ (19__) indicate boys may be _____ to what is actually ________ for educational ______ due to their __________.
Research shows boys ______ more frequently & ______ more often, even when they don’t _____ the _______.
a) Kindon & Thompson (1999)
b) blind
c) required
d) success
e) overconfidence
f) interrupt
g) answer
h) know
i) answer
External - SOCIAL CHANGE
Outline Feminist Helen Wilkinson’s argument.
Women have a new incentive to work hard due to a genderquake - they now see careers & financial independence as a real possibility.
External - SOCIAL CHANGE
Feminist Helen Wilkinson believes changes in the family, such as increased _______, mean ____ & _______ need to be more ________ & _______ _________.
According to B____ (19__), this creatives a more ________ society, where women can ____ on themselves.
a) divorce
b) men & women
c) self reliant & financially independent
d) Beck (1992)
e) individualised
f) rely
External - SOCIAL CHANGE
Outline Mac an Ghaill’s (1994) argument.
How does Wragg (1997) contribute to this?
Working-class boys struggle to be motivated for educational success as jobs they’ve been socialised into don’t exist anymore, eg manufacturing industry.
Pessimism about the workplace undermines their drive to work hard & become the breadwinner.
External - SOCIAL CHANGE
What is a counter-argument to the idea that suggests the socialisation of girls from a young age explains their outperforming of boys?
Girls have always been socialised in similar ways, but have only recently started to outperform boys.
Internal - SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
S______ (20__) found boys generally feel _______ have ______ expectations of them so receive less ______ & ________. They may be ______ of them for ________ reasons, like scruffy _________, encouraging them to become ________.
a) Sukhanda (2000)
b) teachers
c) higher
d) support & guidance
e) critical
f) non-academic
g) presentation
h) anti-school
Internal - SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
M____ and B____ suggest ________ expectations may be ______ for boys.
For example, they be expect _____ to be ______ or _______ & expect them to be ________, which has a __________ effect.
a) Mitsos and Browne
b) teachers
c) lower
d) work
e) late or rushed
f) disruptive
g) self-fulfilling
Internal - SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
M____ (20___) - teachers _______ more with _____.
K______ & T_______ (19__) - boys ______ more & girls are more _______, so likely to be ________.
This contradicts _________.
a) Myhill (2000)
b) engage
c) boys
d) Kindon & Thompson (1999)
e) answer
f) compliant
g) left alone
h) Sukhanda (2000)
Internal - CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT
What has Pirie (2001) argued about exams?
Boys do better in exams, whereas girls do better in coursework, as their organisation & sustained motivation enables them to manage time effectively.
Internal - CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT
How is Pirie’s (2001) argument about coursework/exams supported by statistics?
How is it NOT supported?
IS: Gender gap narrowed when govt placed greater emphasis on exams in 2010-15.
IS NOT: 2018-19, gap between boys & girls achieving 7+ increased by 0.4%.
Internal - CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT
What does Bleach (1998) suggest about boys preferences?
They dislike lengthy fiction like the pre 20th century texts on the national curriculum.
Gender gap worsens as there’s more emphasis on classic literature.
Internal - CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT
What does Arnot (1998) argue about girls preferences?
How does this differ to boys?
They prefer sustained & open-ended tasks.
Boys prefer brief answers & memorising unambiguous facts. Extended responses are more common in humanities, giving girls an advantage.
Internal - SUBJECT CHOICES
How have schools become gendered?
Internal & external factors make it problematic for boys to choose ‘feminine’ subjects & girls to choose ‘masculine’ subjects.
Internal - SUBJECT CHOICES
What did Anne Colley (1998) find about people choosing a career based on sex?
However, what is it be noted?
It’s problematic & may lead women into low-paid & low-status jobs compared to men.
Doesn’t always lead men to prestigious & highly-paid jobs, as there’s now more women in medicine & law.
What is the relationship between social class, gender and ethnicity on educational achievement, according to Gillborn and Mirza (2000)?
Social class has 5x+ the effect on educational achievement than gender & ethnicity has 2x the effect than gender.
What did Rothermel’s research about home-educated children indicate?
Home-educated boys & girls achieved equally.
How do parents often stereotype their children depending on their sex?
Girls = quiet readers Boys = rambunctious adventurers
How do girls interact with homework?
More likely to start it earlier & spend double the time doing it.
A girl born in the ___ today is __% _____ likely to attend __________ than a boy.
a) UK
b) 75%
c) more
d) university
EXTERNAL
What do parents and caregivers tend to demand and expect?
Who does this contrast with?
More/higher standard of work of girls than boys.
Sukhanda (2000)
EXTERNAL
Genderquake - name 2 programs that have been introduced to encourage girls to enter male-dominated industries.
WISE & GIST
EXTERNAL
Genderquake - programs have been introduced to encourage girls to enter male-dominated industries.
How has this affected boys?
They have felt discouraged
INTERNAL
Outline 3 ways the hidden curriculum perpetuates patriarchal ideologies.
Senior school members are male
Male-dominated subjects eg history
Male representation in textbook pictures
