Differential Achievement by Class Flashcards
Who found that high-attaining boys from the most advantaged homes are 2.5 years ahead of high-attaining boys from the least advantaged homes by the age of 15?
John Jerrim (2013)
What did John Jerrim (2013) find?
High-attaining boys from the most advantaged homes are 2.5 years ahead of high-attaining boys from the least advantaged homes by the age of 15.
Reasons the rich achieve higher:
1) _______ schools have a more _______ _______.
2) They have ______ _______, giving them more ________.
3) They have a stereotypically ____ ____ ____, therefore _____ _______ & more ____/_____ to _____.
4) Their ______ have money to afford _____, ______ and ______ schools etc.
a) Private schools
b) advanced extra-curriculum
c) family connections
d) opportunities
e) calm home life
f) fewer distractions
g) time/space
h) learn
i) families
j) tutors, textbooks and private schools
How many pupils in the UK are eligible for FSM?
750,000
What makes a student eligible for FSM?
Their guardians receive income support or benefits e.g Job’s Seekers Allowance.
CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
The four sociologists that theorise on cultural deprivation are:
- B______ S_______ (___)
- L_____ F________ (___)
- G_______ and G_____ (___)
- B_____ B________ (___)
- Barry Sugarman (1970)
- Leon Feinstein (2003)
- Goodman and Gregg (2010)
- Basil Bernstein (1977)
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
B\_\_\_\_\_ S\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_) theorised that the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ are unable to \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, so they don't do \_\_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_. They do not believe that they \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_.
a) Barry Sugarman (1970)
b) working class
c) resist pleasure
d) things
e) long term gain
f) can improve
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
L_______ F_______ (___) theorised that the _____ factors in pupil’s _______ is how they’re _______ at ____.
a) Leon Feinstein (2003)
b) crucial
c) achievement
d) supported at home
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
G_______ and G____ (___) theorised that a child’s ______ also depends on their ______ _____ on _______, their _______ between ____ ______ and their _______ in ______.
a) Goodman and Gregg (2010)
b) success
c) parent’s views on education,
d) interactions
e) one another
f) involvement in school.
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
Basil Bernstein theorised that ______ shapes _________ achievement as __________ speak in ________ codes whereas __________ speak in ________ codes.
a) speech
b) educational
c) working-classes
d) restricted
e) middle-classes
f) elaborated
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
List 2 criticisms of cultural deprivation theory.
Blames working-class for their own failure.
Gillian Evans (2007) - working-class parents placed very high value on education & encouraged children to succeed.
External - CULTURAL CAPITAL
What is the difference between cultural capital and cultural deprivation (Pierre Bourdieu)?
Cultural capital asserts there’s nothing wrong with working-class culture, but rather education doesn’t consider it and it is not valued within society.
External - CULTURAL CAPITAL
Having cultural capital improves your _______ in life as it allows you to ________ people with higher _______ in society, eg _______ and it ________ social ________.
a) chances
b) impress
c) positions
d) employers
e) improves
f) standing
Internal
What do interactionists believe teachers do?
Label students
Internal
How does Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) of teacher’s expectations & IQ study relate to class?
Gillborn & Youdell (1999) found that, statistically, black & working-class pupils were more likely to be in lower sets, despite similar grades to their peers.
How are students from private school at an advantage in terms of higher education?
They’re 55x more likely to go to Oxford or Cambridge & 22x more likely to to to a highly-ranked uni than students entitled to FSM.
__% of young people in England said they have used ________, according to the _______ (20__ - 20__)
a) 27
b) private tuition
c) Sutton Trust
d) 2017 - 2018
In 2018-19, what percentage of students NOT eligible for FSM achieved 5 GCSE grades?
46.4%
In 2018-19, what percentage of students eligible for FSM achieved 5 GCSE grades?
21.6%
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
What does it mean to seek ‘immediate gratification’?
Doing things for short-term gain regarding happiness.
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
What does it mean to struggle with ‘deferred gratification’?
Being unable to resist pleasure and not doing things for long-term gain regarding happiness.
External - CULTURAL CAPITAL
What is social capital?
Give examples
Having social benefits of connections/relationships with useful people.
Knowing teachers or who to contact to find best tutors.
External - CULTURAL CAPITAL S\_\_\_\_\_\_ B\_\_\_ (19\_\_) claimed government policies of CHOICE & COMPETITION help the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as they're '\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_' & use social \_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to secure school \_\_\_\_\_ if places are \_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are '\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_' & less \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with \_\_\_\_\_ institutions like \_\_\_\_\_.
a) Stephen Ball (1994)
b) middle-class
c) ‘skilled choosers’
d) networking/negotiating
e) entry
f) limited
g) working-class
h) ‘disconnected choosers’
i) comfortable
j) public
k) schools
External - CULTURAL CAPITAL
Explain the school/parent alliance - according to STEPHEN BALL (1994).
MC parents want MC schools & schools want MC pupils for better results & less challenging pupils to teach.
What are lower-attaining pupils more likely to be made to focus on?
Exam results, rather than learning eg they’re less likely to study a language or arts subject.
___________ pupils receiving a ‘___________ _________’ is likely to affect _______ _______ later in life.
a) working class
b) ‘watered-down curriculum’
c) social mobility
______ reported that the P____ P_______ scheme was having _____ impact on the _________ students in a _____ number of ______.
COUNTER: However, there has been __________ in the number of _____ using it ________.
a) Ofsted
b) Pupil Premium
c) little
d) disadvantaged
e) high
f) schools
g) improvements
h) schools
i) effectively
B________ M______ is a _____ school in one of the ________ boroughs of _______ that received up to ___ ______ offers.
Their 6th form is ______ ________ (____ applicants vs. ___ places)
a) Brampton Manor
b) state
c) poorest
d) London
e) 41 Oxbridge
f) highly selective
g) 3,000 vs. 300
In B________ M______, ____ of the __ receiving ______ offers are on ____, and nearly ___ were from _______ ______ backgrounds.
__% of students at the school are of ______ _______ background.
a) Brampton Manor
b) half
c) 41
d) Oxbridge
e) FSM
f) all
g) ethnic minority
h) 2%
i) White British
H________, H______ and M______ (19__) found that factors of pupils leads to teachers labelling them ‘_____’ or ‘___’. These labels are associated with _____ and the ________ class is ____ likely to fit the label ‘____’.
The teachers _______ the students ________ based off of their ____.
a) Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor (1975)
b) ‘good’ or ‘bad’
c) class
d) working
e) more
e) ‘bad’
f) interpret
g) behaviour
h) label
Give examples of factors that Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor (1975) state contribute to a students label (3).
Appearance, response to discipline & personality.
R_______ and J_______ did a _____ experiment on ________ school teachers in the ____ and provided them with _____ info about their students ___.
They found that the students that the teachers believed had a ______ ___ made the most _______, demonstrating that a ___________ can occur.
a) Rosenthal and Jacobson
b) field
c) primary
d) USA
e) false
f) IQ
g) higher IQ
h) progress
i) self-fulfilling prophecy
S_______ B____ found that ___________ pupils were ____ likely to be placed in ______ bands even when their ________ ability at _______ school was the same as _________ pupils.
Teachers had _____ expectations of the ______ bands and resulted in a __________.
a) Stephen Ball
c) working class
d) more
e) lower
e) measured
f) primary
g) middle class
h) lower
i) lower
j) self-fulfilling prophecy
N____ K______ argues that _______ to answer questions were seen as attempts to ________ the class while in _______ sets, it was taken more _______. As a result, students in _______ sets were dismissed as ________ and ________.
a) Neil Keddie
b) attempts
c) disrupt
d) higher
e) seriously
f) lower
g) irrelevant and ignored
G______ and Y_____ found that _______ class and _____ pupils were ____ likely to be placed in _______ sets despite gaining _______ results as their more ________ peers.
They were often denied the _________ to sit ______ tiered GCSE exams, and so couldn’t get a grade above a __/__ in ______ subjects.
a) Gillborn and Youdell
b) working
c) black
d) more
e) lower
f) similar
g) privileged
h) opportunity
i) higher
j) 5/C
k) certain
External - MATERIAL DEPRIVATION
Where might working-class parents be unable to go to? Why?
Parents evening due to travel costs
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
Why might working-class parents willingly chose to not attend parents evening?
They’re put off by the middle-class atmosphere.
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
What did New Right sociologist Melanie Philips claim?
The underclass has higher than average percentage of single parent families.
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
Explain the ‘smoke screen’.
Left realists suggest culture is something visible & hides the problems of material deprivation.
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
Counter: explain the ‘myth of cultural deprivation’.
Children can’t be deprived of their own culture - working-class fail due to discrimination in the middle-class dominated education system.
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
Counter: as opposed to working-class children’s restricted codes (Basil Bernstein) being the problem, what is argued?
School’s attitude towards children’s language through their teacher hierarchy of students is the problem.
External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
Counter: instead of being culturally deprived, what do many sociologists argue?
They are culturally different & schools should work with it.
List 3 compensatory education programs.
Operation Head Start (1952)
Education Action Zones (1997)
Sure Start (2004)
Compensatory education - what was Operation Head Start (1952)?
Focused on nutrition providing a breakfast club, milk cartons and ‘sport for all’.
Compensatory education - what was Education Action Zones (1997)?
Stopped govt control by creating regional hubs ran by local authorities, giving them funds to allocate through the ‘national tariff system’.