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AY13 Sociology - Education > Differential Achievement by Class > Flashcards

Differential Achievement by Class Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who found that high-attaining boys from the most advantaged homes are 2.5 years ahead of high-attaining boys from the least advantaged homes by the age of 15?

A

John Jerrim (2013)

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2
Q

What did John Jerrim (2013) find?

A

High-attaining boys from the most advantaged homes are 2.5 years ahead of high-attaining boys from the least advantaged homes by the age of 15.

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3
Q

Reasons the rich achieve higher:
1) _______ schools have a more _______ _______.

2) They have ______ _______, giving them more ________.
3) They have a stereotypically ____ ____ ____, therefore _____ _______ & more ____/_____ to _____.
4) Their ______ have money to afford _____, ______ and ______ schools etc.

A

a) Private schools
b) advanced extra-curriculum

c) family connections
d) opportunities

e) calm home life
f) fewer distractions
g) time/space
h) learn

i) families
j) tutors, textbooks and private schools

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4
Q

How many pupils in the UK are eligible for FSM?

A

750,000

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5
Q

What makes a student eligible for FSM?

A

Their guardians receive income support or benefits e.g Job’s Seekers Allowance.

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6
Q

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
The four sociologists that theorise on cultural deprivation are:
- B______ S_______ (___)

  • L_____ F________ (___)
  • G_______ and G_____ (___)
  • B_____ B________ (___)
A
  • Barry Sugarman (1970)
  • Leon Feinstein (2003)
  • Goodman and Gregg (2010)
  • Basil Bernstein (1977)
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7
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

B\_\_\_\_\_ S\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_) theorised that the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_ are unable to \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, so they don't do \_\_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_.
They do not believe that they \_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_.
A

a) Barry Sugarman (1970)
b) working class
c) resist pleasure
d) things
e) long term gain
f) can improve

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8
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

L_______ F_______ (___) theorised that the _____ factors in pupil’s _______ is how they’re _______ at ____.

A

a) Leon Feinstein (2003)
b) crucial
c) achievement
d) supported at home

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9
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

G_______ and G____ (___) theorised that a child’s ______ also depends on their ______ _____ on _______, their _______ between ____ ______ and their _______ in ______.

A

a) Goodman and Gregg (2010)
b) success
c) parent’s views on education,
d) interactions
e) one another
f) involvement in school.

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10
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

Basil Bernstein theorised that ______ shapes _________ achievement as __________ speak in ________ codes whereas __________ speak in ________ codes.

A

a) speech
b) educational
c) working-classes
d) restricted
e) middle-classes
f) elaborated

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11
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

List 2 criticisms of cultural deprivation theory.

A

Blames working-class for their own failure.

Gillian Evans (2007) - working-class parents placed very high value on education & encouraged children to succeed.

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12
Q

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

What is the difference between cultural capital and cultural deprivation (Pierre Bourdieu)?

A

Cultural capital asserts there’s nothing wrong with working-class culture, but rather education doesn’t consider it and it is not valued within society.

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13
Q

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

Having cultural capital improves your _______ in life as it allows you to ________ people with higher _______ in society, eg _______ and it ________ social ________.

A

a) chances
b) impress
c) positions
d) employers
e) improves
f) standing

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14
Q

Internal

What do interactionists believe teachers do?

A

Label students

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15
Q

Internal

How does Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) of teacher’s expectations & IQ study relate to class?

A

Gillborn & Youdell (1999) found that, statistically, black & working-class pupils were more likely to be in lower sets, despite similar grades to their peers.

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16
Q

How are students from private school at an advantage in terms of higher education?

A

They’re 55x more likely to go to Oxford or Cambridge & 22x more likely to to to a highly-ranked uni than students entitled to FSM.

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17
Q

__% of young people in England said they have used ________, according to the _______ (20__ - 20__)

A

a) 27
b) private tuition
c) Sutton Trust
d) 2017 - 2018

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18
Q

In 2018-19, what percentage of students NOT eligible for FSM achieved 5 GCSE grades?

A

46.4%

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19
Q

In 2018-19, what percentage of students eligible for FSM achieved 5 GCSE grades?

A

21.6%

20
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

What does it mean to seek ‘immediate gratification’?

A

Doing things for short-term gain regarding happiness.

21
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

What does it mean to struggle with ‘deferred gratification’?

A

Being unable to resist pleasure and not doing things for long-term gain regarding happiness.

22
Q

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

What is social capital?
Give examples

A

Having social benefits of connections/relationships with useful people.

Knowing teachers or who to contact to find best tutors.

23
Q 
External - CULTURAL CAPITAL
S\_\_\_\_\_\_ B\_\_\_ (19\_\_) claimed government policies of CHOICE & COMPETITION help the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as they're '\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_' & use social \_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to secure school \_\_\_\_\_ if places are \_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are '\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_' & less \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with \_\_\_\_\_ institutions like \_\_\_\_\_.
A

a) Stephen Ball (1994)
b) middle-class
c) ‘skilled choosers’
d) networking/negotiating
e) entry
f) limited
g) working-class
h) ‘disconnected choosers’
i) comfortable
j) public
k) schools

24
Q

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

Explain the school/parent alliance - according to STEPHEN BALL (1994).

A

MC parents want MC schools & schools want MC pupils for better results & less challenging pupils to teach.

25
Q

What are lower-attaining pupils more likely to be made to focus on?

A

Exam results, rather than learning eg they’re less likely to study a language or arts subject.

26
Q

___________ pupils receiving a ‘___________ _________’ is likely to affect _______ _______ later in life.

A

a) working class
b) ‘watered-down curriculum’
c) social mobility

27
Q

______ reported that the P____ P_______ scheme was having _____ impact on the _________ students in a _____ number of ______.

COUNTER: However, there has been __________ in the number of _____ using it ________.

A

a) Ofsted
b) Pupil Premium
c) little
d) disadvantaged
e) high
f) schools

g) improvements
h) schools
i) effectively

28
Q

B________ M______ is a _____ school in one of the ________ boroughs of _______ that received up to ___ ______ offers.
Their 6th form is ______ ________ (____ applicants vs. ___ places)

A

a) Brampton Manor
b) state
c) poorest
d) London
e) 41 Oxbridge
f) highly selective
g) 3,000 vs. 300

29
Q

In B________ M______, ____ of the __ receiving ______ offers are on ____, and nearly ___ were from _______ ______ backgrounds.

__% of students at the school are of ______ _______ background.

A

a) Brampton Manor
b) half
c) 41
d) Oxbridge
e) FSM
f) all
g) ethnic minority

h) 2%
i) White British

30
Q

H________, H______ and M______ (19__) found that factors of pupils leads to teachers labelling them ‘_____’ or ‘___’. These labels are associated with _____ and the ________ class is ____ likely to fit the label ‘____’.

The teachers _______ the students ________ based off of their ____.

A

a) Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor (1975)
b) ‘good’ or ‘bad’
c) class
d) working
e) more
e) ‘bad’
f) interpret
g) behaviour
h) label

31
Q

Give examples of factors that Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor (1975) state contribute to a students label (3).

A

Appearance, response to discipline & personality.

32
Q

R_______ and J_______ did a _____ experiment on ________ school teachers in the ____ and provided them with _____ info about their students ___.
They found that the students that the teachers believed had a ______ ___ made the most _______, demonstrating that a ___________ can occur.

A

a) Rosenthal and Jacobson
b) field
c) primary
d) USA
e) false
f) IQ
g) higher IQ
h) progress
i) self-fulfilling prophecy

33
Q

S_______ B____ found that ___________ pupils were ____ likely to be placed in ______ bands even when their ________ ability at _______ school was the same as _________ pupils.
Teachers had _____ expectations of the ______ bands and resulted in a __________.

A

a) Stephen Ball
c) working class
d) more
e) lower
e) measured
f) primary
g) middle class
h) lower
i) lower
j) self-fulfilling prophecy

34
Q

N____ K______ argues that _______ to answer questions were seen as attempts to ________ the class while in _______ sets, it was taken more _______. As a result, students in _______ sets were dismissed as ________ and ________.

A

a) Neil Keddie
b) attempts
c) disrupt
d) higher
e) seriously
f) lower
g) irrelevant and ignored

35
Q

G______ and Y_____ found that _______ class and _____ pupils were ____ likely to be placed in _______ sets despite gaining _______ results as their more ________ peers.

They were often denied the _________ to sit ______ tiered GCSE exams, and so couldn’t get a grade above a __/__ in ______ subjects.

A

a) Gillborn and Youdell
b) working
c) black
d) more
e) lower
f) similar
g) privileged
h) opportunity
i) higher
j) 5/C
k) certain

36
Q

External - MATERIAL DEPRIVATION

Where might working-class parents be unable to go to? 
Why?
A

Parents evening due to travel costs

37
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

Why might working-class parents willingly chose to not attend parents evening?

A

They’re put off by the middle-class atmosphere.

38
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

What did New Right sociologist Melanie Philips claim?

A

The underclass has higher than average percentage of single parent families.

39
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

Explain the ‘smoke screen’.

A

Left realists suggest culture is something visible & hides the problems of material deprivation.

40
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

Counter: explain the ‘myth of cultural deprivation’.

A

Children can’t be deprived of their own culture - working-class fail due to discrimination in the middle-class dominated education system.

41
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

Counter: as opposed to working-class children’s restricted codes (Basil Bernstein) being the problem, what is argued?

A

School’s attitude towards children’s language through their teacher hierarchy of students is the problem.

42
Q

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

Counter: instead of being culturally deprived, what do many sociologists argue?

A

They are culturally different & schools should work with it.

43
Q

List 3 compensatory education programs.

A

Operation Head Start (1952)

Education Action Zones (1997)

Sure Start (2004)

44
Q

Compensatory education - what was Operation Head Start (1952)?

A

Focused on nutrition providing a breakfast club, milk cartons and ‘sport for all’.

45
Q

Compensatory education - what was Education Action Zones (1997)?

A

Stopped govt control by creating regional hubs ran by local authorities, giving them funds to allocate through the ‘national tariff system’.

AY13 Sociology - Education (12 decks)

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