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Understanding Yourself and Others > Theories of Personality > Flashcards

Theories of Personality Flashcards

1
Q

_________________ is an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits.

A

Personality

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2
Q

A ___________________ is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

A

Personality trait

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3
Q

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa state that there are five “higher-order” traits that are known as the Big Five. What are they?

A

Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness

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4
Q

_____________ include a variety of theoretical models derived from the work of Sigmund Freud.

A

Psychodynamic theories

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5
Q

____________________ is based on 3 assumptions. Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control.
Childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult personality.
Personalities are shaped by the manner in which individuals cope with sexual urges.

A

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

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6
Q

The _________ is “the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.”

A

Id

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7
Q

The __________ is “the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.”

A

Ego

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8
Q

The ______________ is “the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.”

A

Superego

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9
Q

The _____________ – material “one is aware of at a particular point in time.”

A

Conscious

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10
Q

The ______________ – “material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved.”

A

Preconscious

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11
Q

The ________________ – material “well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exerts great influence on one’s behavior.”

A

Unconscious

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12
Q

__________________ – “largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions such as anxiety and guilt.”

A

Defense mechanisms

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13
Q

______________ involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

A

Repression

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14
Q

______________ involves attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person.

A

Projection

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15
Q

____________ involves diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

A

Displacement

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16
Q

______________ involves behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings.

A

Reaction formation

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17
Q

_______________ involves a reversion to immature pattern of behaviour.

A

Regression

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18
Q

______________ involves the creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour.

A

Rationalization

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19
Q

______________ involves bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

A

Identification

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20
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology also focused on the role of the unconscious. However, he argued that the unconscious is comprised of two layers:
The first one is the the __________________, which is similar to Freud’s unconscious layer

A

Personal unconscious

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21
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology also focused on the role of the unconscious. However, he argued that the unconscious is comprised of two layers:
The second one is the ___________________, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race

A

Collective unconscious

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22
Q

_____________ – emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

A

Archetypes

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23
Q

____________ –trust what is certain and concrete, details

A

Sensing (S)

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24
Q

____________ are specific and literal, detail descriptions
evidence through one of the five senses
matter‐of‐fact people
Present info step-by-step

A

Sensors

25
Q

______________–trust inspiration and inference

A

Intuition (N)

26
Q

____________ look beyond the facts and evidence for meanings, possibilities, connections, and relationships
Value imagination and innovation
Use metaphors and analogies
Relying on gut feeling vs experience

A

Intuitives

27
Q

____________ – Make decisions using logical analysis

A

Thinking (T)

28
Q

______________ make decisions impersonally, based mainly on objective data
Naturally see flaws and are critical
Consider it more important to be truthful than tactful

A

Thinkers

29
Q

________________ – You make decisions by applying person-centered values

A

Feeling (F)

30
Q

_____________ are empathetic, compassionate, and sensitive people
Like to please others; what they feel is right
May be seen as overemotional, illogical, and weak
Consider important to be tactful and truthful

A

Feelers

31
Q

______________ — “a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior.”

A

Behaviorism

32
Q

Behavioral theorists view personality “as a collection of _______________ that are tied to various stimulus situations.”

A

Response tendencies

33
Q

Behavioural theorists focus on personality development, and how children’s response tendencies are shaped by _____________, _________________, and ___________________.

A

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning

34
Q

Pavlov’s ___________________ is “a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.”

A

Classical conditioning

35
Q

________________ is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

A

Extinction

36
Q

Skinner’s _________________ is “a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.”

A

Operant conditioning

37
Q

________________ – “occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of a pleasant stimulus.”

A

Positive reinforcement

38
Q

__________________ – “occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.”

A

Negative reinforcement

39
Q

___________________ – “occurs when a response is weakened (decreases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of an unpleasant stimulus.”

A

Punishment

40
Q

____________________ is unique in that it requires that we:
Pay attention to others’ behavior
Understand the consequences that follow others’ behavior
Store this information in memory

A

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

41
Q

Bandura stressed the importance of ________________ – “one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.”

A

Self-efficacy

42
Q

High _______________ is associated with confidence whereas low __________________ creates doubt in one’s abilities.

A

Self-efficacy, self-efficacy

43
Q

__________________ – “a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth.”

A

Humanism

44
Q

_________________ is based on the following ideas:
Humans have an innate drive toward personal growth.
Humans exercise free will over their actions; they are not pawns of their environment.
Humans are conscious and rational beings who aren’t dominated by unconscious needs.

A

Humanism

45
Q

Personality contains only one construct, the self, or __________________ – “a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.”

A

Self-concept

46
Q

If our ideas about ourselves match our actual experiences, our self-concept is _______________ with reality.

A

Congruent

47
Q

If our ideas about ourselves do not match reality, this disparity is called _________________, which undermines our well-being.

A

Incongruence

48
Q

If parents make their affection _______________ (given only if the child’s behavior meets their expectations), children do not feel worthy of love and develop an incongruent self-concept.

A

Conditional

49
Q

If parents give affection _______________, children feel worthy of affection no matter what and develop congruent self-concepts.

A

Unconditionally

50
Q

_______________________: human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs – “a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.”

A

Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization

51
Q

Humans have an innate drive toward personal growth and the highest need is the ______________________ – the fulfillment of one’s potential.

A

Need for self-actualization

52
Q

Maslow called people with extremely healthy personalities “_____________________” because of their commitment to continued personal growth.

A

Self-actualizing persons

53
Q

Some characteristics of __________________________:
Accurately tuned in to reality
Open, spontaneous, appreciative
Enjoy rewarding relationships
Thrive on their work and enjoy their sense of humor
Have more “peak experiences”
Balanced personality

A

Self-actualizing people

54
Q

____________________ – “a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, and a sense of entitlement.”

A

Narcissism

55
Q

___________________________ is based on the following assumptions:
Human cognition is unique in that it allows us to be aware of our own mortality.
This creates great anxiety, which can be reduced by cultural worldviews that promote self-esteem and faith.
These constructs give people a sense of order, context, and meaning.
Reminding people of their mortality (mortality salience) leads to increased self-esteem as an anxiety buffer.

A

Terror Management Theory

56
Q

______________________ “involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.”

A

Individualism

57
Q

_____________________ “involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs.”

A

Collectivism

58
Q
A

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