Theories of Personality

Question 1

_________________ is an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

A ___________________ is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Answer 2

Personality trait

Question 3

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa state that there are five “higher-order” traits that are known as the Big Five. What are they?

Answer 3

Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness

Question 4

_____________ include a variety of theoretical models derived from the work of Sigmund Freud.

Answer 4

Psychodynamic theories

Question 5

____________________ is based on 3 assumptions. Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control.
Childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult personality.
Personalities are shaped by the manner in which individuals cope with sexual urges.

Answer 5

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 6

The _________ is “the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.”

Answer 6

Id

Question 7

The __________ is “the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.”

Answer 7

Ego

Question 8

The ______________ is “the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.”

Answer 8

Superego

Question 9

The _____________ – material “one is aware of at a particular point in time.”

Answer 9

Conscious

Question 10

The ______________ – “material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved.”

Answer 10

Preconscious

Question 11

The ________________ – material “well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exerts great influence on one’s behavior.”

Answer 11

Unconscious

Question 12

__________________ – “largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions such as anxiety and guilt.”

Answer 12

Defense mechanisms

Question 13

______________ involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

Answer 13

Repression

Question 14

______________ involves attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person.

Answer 14

Projection

Question 15

____________ involves diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

Answer 15

Displacement

Question 16

______________ involves behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings.

Answer 16

Reaction formation

Question 17

_______________ involves a reversion to immature pattern of behaviour.

Answer 17

Regression

Question 18

______________ involves the creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour.

Answer 18

Rationalization

Question 19

______________ involves bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

Answer 19

Identification

Question 20

Jung’s Analytical Psychology also focused on the role of the unconscious. However, he argued that the unconscious is comprised of two layers:
The first one is the the __________________, which is similar to Freud’s unconscious layer

Answer 20

Personal unconscious

Question 21

Jung’s Analytical Psychology also focused on the role of the unconscious. However, he argued that the unconscious is comprised of two layers:
The second one is the ___________________, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race

Answer 21

Collective unconscious

Question 22

_____________ – emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

Answer 22

Archetypes

Question 23

____________ –trust what is certain and concrete, details

Answer 23

Sensing (S)

Question 24

____________ are specific and literal, detail descriptions
evidence through one of the five senses
matter‐of‐fact people
Present info step-by-step

Answer 24

Sensors

Question 25

______________–trust inspiration and inference

Answer 25

Intuition (N)

Question 26

____________ look beyond the facts and evidence for meanings, possibilities, connections, and relationships Value imagination and innovation Use metaphors and analogies Relying on gut feeling vs experience

Answer 26

Intuitives

Question 27

____________ – Make decisions using logical analysis

Answer 27

Thinking (T)

Question 28

______________ make decisions impersonally, based mainly on objective data Naturally see flaws and are critical Consider it more important to be truthful than tactful

Answer 28

Thinkers

Question 29

________________ – You make decisions by applying person-centered values

Answer 29

Feeling (F)

Question 30

_____________ are empathetic, compassionate, and sensitive people Like to please others; what they feel is right May be seen as overemotional, illogical, and weak Consider important to be tactful and truthful

Answer 30

Feelers

Question 31

______________ — “a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior.”

Answer 31

Behaviorism

Question 32

Behavioral theorists view personality “as a collection of _______________ that are tied to various stimulus situations.”

Answer 32

Response tendencies

Question 33

Behavioural theorists focus on personality development, and how children’s response tendencies are shaped by _____________, _________________, and ___________________.

Answer 33

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning

Question 34

Pavlov’s ___________________ is “a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.”

Answer 34

Classical conditioning

Question 35

________________ is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Answer 35

Extinction

Question 36

Skinner’s _________________ is “a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.”

Answer 36

Operant conditioning

Question 37

________________ – “occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of a pleasant stimulus.”

Answer 37

Positive reinforcement

Question 38

__________________ – “occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.”

Answer 38

Negative reinforcement

Question 39

___________________ – “occurs when a response is weakened (decreases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of an unpleasant stimulus.”

Answer 39

Punishment

Question 40

____________________ is unique in that it requires that we: Pay attention to others’ behavior Understand the consequences that follow others’ behavior Store this information in memory

Answer 40

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Question 41

Bandura stressed the importance of ________________ – “one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.”

Answer 41

Self-efficacy

Question 42

High _______________ is associated with confidence whereas low __________________ creates doubt in one’s abilities.

Answer 42

Self-efficacy, self-efficacy

Question 43

__________________ – “a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth.”

Answer 43

Humanism

Question 44

_________________ is based on the following ideas: Humans have an innate drive toward personal growth. Humans exercise free will over their actions; they are not pawns of their environment. Humans are conscious and rational beings who aren’t dominated by unconscious needs.

Answer 44

Humanism

Question 45

Personality contains only one construct, the self, or __________________ – “a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.”

Answer 45

Self-concept

Question 46

If our ideas about ourselves match our actual experiences, our self-concept is _______________ with reality.

Answer 46

Congruent

Question 47

If our ideas about ourselves do not match reality, this disparity is called _________________, which undermines our well-being.

Answer 47

Incongruence

Question 48

If parents make their affection _______________ (given only if the child’s behavior meets their expectations), children do not feel worthy of love and develop an incongruent self-concept.

Answer 48

Conditional

Question 49

If parents give affection _______________, children feel worthy of affection no matter what and develop congruent self-concepts.

Answer 49

Unconditionally

Question 50

_______________________: human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs – “a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.”

Answer 50

Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization

Question 51

Humans have an innate drive toward personal growth and the highest need is the ______________________ – the fulfillment of one’s potential.

Answer 51

Need for self-actualization

Question 52

Maslow called people with extremely healthy personalities “_____________________” because of their commitment to continued personal growth.

Answer 52

Self-actualizing persons

Question 53

Some characteristics of __________________________: Accurately tuned in to reality Open, spontaneous, appreciative Enjoy rewarding relationships Thrive on their work and enjoy their sense of humor Have more “peak experiences” Balanced personality

Answer 53

Self-actualizing people

Question 54

____________________ – “a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, and a sense of entitlement.”

Answer 54

Narcissism

Question 55

___________________________ is based on the following assumptions: Human cognition is unique in that it allows us to be aware of our own mortality. This creates great anxiety, which can be reduced by cultural worldviews that promote self-esteem and faith. These constructs give people a sense of order, context, and meaning. Reminding people of their mortality (mortality salience) leads to increased self-esteem as an anxiety buffer.

Answer 55

Terror Management Theory

Question 56

______________________ “involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.”

Answer 56

Individualism

Question 57

_____________________ “involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs.”

Answer 57

Collectivism