Stress and Its Effects/Psychological and Physical Health Flashcards
___________________ is any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities.
Stress
Stress is ___________________. Not everyone feels the same degree of stress from the same event.
Subjective
We first make a ___________________, or initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings.
Primary appraisal
If viewed as stressful, we make a _____________________, or an evaluation of our ability to cope.
Secondary appraisal
Stress may be embedded in the ________________________.
Environment
____________________ refers to chronic negative conditions embedded in the environment.
Ambient stress
Stress is influenced by _________________.
Culture
For immigrants, ___________________, or changing to adapt to a new culture, is a major source of stress related to reduced well-being.
Acculturation
What are the 4 drivers of stress in our modern culture?
a) Uncertainty
b) Conflict
c) Loss of control
d) Lack of information
______________________ are threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint.
Acute stressors
_________________ are threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit.
Chronic stressors
_______________________ are upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening.
Anticipatory stressors
______________________ occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.
Frustration
_________________________ occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression.
Internal conflict
_____________-________________: must make a choice between two attractive goals.
Approach – approach
______________-________________: must make a choice between two unattractive goals.
Avoidance – avoidance
____________-________________: must choose whether or not to pursue ONE goal, which has both pros and cons.
Approach – avoidance
___________________ are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment.
Life changes
___________________ involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.
Pressure
Pressure to _________________ by executing tasks and responsibilities quickly, efficiently, and successfully.
Perform
Pressure to ________________ to expectations.
Conform
Stress responses occur at three levels. What are they?
Emotional responses
Physiological responses
Behavioural responses
_________________ are powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes.
Emotions
________________________ contribute to building social, intellectual, and physical resources that can be helpful in dealing with stress
Positive emotions
_________________ may hamper or enhance our ability to cope with stress, depending on our level of arousal and the task complexity.
Strong emotions
For ____________ complexity tasks, a _________ level of arousal is best.
Low, high
For ___________ complexity tasks, a ________________ level of arousal is best.
Medium, medium
For __________ complexity tasks, a ___________ level of arousal is best.
High, low
The ______________________is a physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy.
Fight-or-flight response
Fight-or-flight response occurs in the __________________, which is made up of the nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
__________________ division mobilizes energy during emergencies, engages the fight-or-flight response.
Sympathetic
____________________ division conserves energy, has calming effect on body.
Parasympathetic
Hans Seyle’s _____________________ is a model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages.
General adaptation syndrome
__________________ is the initial response to threat, fight-or-flight response engages.
Alarm reaction
___________________ is the idea that if threat continues, physiological changes stabilize, coping begins.
Resistance
____________________ is the idea that if the threat continues too long, the body’s resources are depleted, leading to physical exhaustion and illness.
Exhaustion
___________________ to stress usually refer to ____________, or “active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.
Behavioural responses, coping
Coping responses may be:
_______________ (e.g., actively trying to solve a problem by asking for help or generating solutions)
________________ (e.g., ignoring problem, indulging in alcohol, excessive eating)
Healthy, unhealthy
____________________ is pressure to perform can impair performance by disrupting attention.
-Many people tend to choke under pressure.
Impaired task performance
________________________ is an Increased tendency to jump to conclusions.
-Increased tendency to do unsystematic, poorly organized review of options.
-Decreased memory functioning.
Disruption of cognitive function
__________________ is a syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that is attributable to work-related stress.
Burnout
These are examples of…
“I am just so emotionally fried”
“I really don’t want to get up this morning to deal with another day on the job”
“It feels like I’m a hamster in a running wheel”
Emotional Exhaustion
These are examples of…
“I don’t really care what happens to Bob”
“So this depressed kid came to me and said…”
Depersonalization
These are examples of…
“I don’t make a difference at my job”
“I get all tense when people come to me with emotional problems”
Lack of Personal Accomplishment
________________ is an inner injury, a lasting rupture or split within the self due to difficult or harmful events
Trauma
____________________ involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
-Re-experiencing trauma via nightmares, flashbacks
-Emotional numbing, alienation, problems in social relations
-Elevated arousal, anxiety, and guilt
Are symptoms of _________________
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Do most people who experience trauma develop PTSD?
No
A key predictor for developing PTSD is the ________________ of one’s reaction at the time of the traumatic event.
Intensity
___________________ are genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors, especially emotional distress.
Psychosomatic diseases
_____________________ aid and succour provided by members of one’s social networks.”
Social support
______________________ is a disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance.
Hardiness
___________________ is a general tendency to expect good outcomes.
Optimism
_____________________ results from a reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood.
Coronary heart disease
____________________ is a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries, usually caused by buildup of fatty deposits and other debris on the inner walls.
Atherosclerosis
Research suggests a link between coronary risk and a behaviour pattern termed the Type ____ personality.
Type A personality
Type ____ personality has three components:
A strong competitive orientation
Impatience and time urgency
Anger and hostility
Type A personality
Stress and personality factors can influence the _______________ of disease.
Course
The ________________ is the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances.
immune response
__________________, is a chronic, progressive disorder marked by a growing compulsion to drink and impaired control over drinking that eventually interferes with health and social behaviour.
Alcoholism
_____________________________ is a disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
