Stress and Its Effects/Psychological and Physical Health

Question 1

___________________ is any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities.

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

Stress is ___________________. Not everyone feels the same degree of stress from the same event.

Answer 2

Subjective

Question 3

We first make a ___________________, or initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings.

Answer 3

Primary appraisal

Question 4

If viewed as stressful, we make a _____________________, or an evaluation of our ability to cope.

Answer 4

Secondary appraisal

Question 5

Stress may be embedded in the ________________________.

Answer 5

Environment

Question 6

____________________ refers to chronic negative conditions embedded in the environment.

Answer 6

Ambient stress

Question 7

Stress is influenced by _________________.

Answer 7

Culture

Question 8

For immigrants, ___________________, or changing to adapt to a new culture, is a major source of stress related to reduced well-being.

Answer 8

Acculturation

Question 9

What are the 4 drivers of stress in our modern culture?

Answer 9

a) Uncertainty
b) Conflict
c) Loss of control
d) Lack of information

Question 10

______________________ are threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint.

Answer 10

Acute stressors

Question 11

_________________ are threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit.

Answer 11

Chronic stressors

Question 12

_______________________ are upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening.

Answer 12

Anticipatory stressors

Question 13

______________________ occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.

Answer 13

Frustration

Question 14

_________________________ occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression.

Answer 14

Internal conflict

Question 15

_____________-________________: must make a choice between two attractive goals.

Answer 15

Approach – approach

Question 16

______________-________________: must make a choice between two unattractive goals.

Answer 16

Avoidance – avoidance

Question 17

____________-________________: must choose whether or not to pursue ONE goal, which has both pros and cons.

Answer 17

Approach – avoidance

Question 18

___________________ are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment.

Answer 18

Life changes

Question 19

___________________ involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.

Answer 19

Pressure

Question 20

Pressure to _________________ by executing tasks and responsibilities quickly, efficiently, and successfully.

Answer 20

Perform

Question 21

Pressure to ________________ to expectations.

Answer 21

Conform

Question 22

Stress responses occur at three levels. What are they?

Answer 22

Emotional responses
Physiological responses
Behavioural responses

Question 23

_________________ are powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes.

Answer 23

Emotions

Question 24

________________________ contribute to building social, intellectual, and physical resources that can be helpful in dealing with stress

Answer 24

Positive emotions

Question 25

_________________ may hamper or enhance our ability to cope with stress, depending on our level of arousal and the task complexity.

Answer 25

Strong emotions

Question 26

For ____________ complexity tasks, a _________ level of arousal is best.

Answer 26

Low, high

Question 27

For ___________ complexity tasks, a ________________ level of arousal is best.

Answer 27

Medium, medium

Question 28

For __________ complexity tasks, a ___________ level of arousal is best.

Answer 28

High, low

Question 29

The ______________________is a physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy.

Answer 29

Fight-or-flight response

Question 30

Fight-or-flight response occurs in the __________________, which is made up of the nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.

Answer 30

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 31

__________________ division mobilizes energy during emergencies, engages the fight-or-flight response.

Answer 31

Sympathetic

Question 32

____________________ division conserves energy, has calming effect on body.

Answer 32

Parasympathetic

Question 33

Hans Seyle’s _____________________ is a model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages.

Answer 33

General adaptation syndrome

Question 34

__________________ is the initial response to threat, fight-or-flight response engages.

Answer 34

Alarm reaction

Question 35

___________________ is the idea that if threat continues, physiological changes stabilize, coping begins.

Answer 35

Resistance

Question 36

____________________ is the idea that if the threat continues too long, the body’s resources are depleted, leading to physical exhaustion and illness.

Answer 36

Exhaustion

Question 37

___________________ to stress usually refer to ____________, or “active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.

Answer 37

Behavioural responses, coping

Question 38

Coping responses may be:
_______________ (e.g., actively trying to solve a problem by asking for help or generating solutions)
________________ (e.g., ignoring problem, indulging in alcohol, excessive eating)

Answer 38

Healthy, unhealthy

Question 39

____________________ is pressure to perform can impair performance by disrupting attention.
-Many people tend to choke under pressure.

Answer 39

Impaired task performance

Question 40

________________________ is an Increased tendency to jump to conclusions.
-Increased tendency to do unsystematic, poorly organized review of options.
-Decreased memory functioning.

Answer 40

Disruption of cognitive function

Question 41

__________________ is a syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that is attributable to work-related stress.

Answer 41

Burnout

Question 42

These are examples of…
“I am just so emotionally fried”
“I really don’t want to get up this morning to deal with another day on the job”
“It feels like I’m a hamster in a running wheel”

Answer 42

Emotional Exhaustion

Question 43

These are examples of…
“I don’t really care what happens to Bob”
“So this depressed kid came to me and said…”

Answer 43

Depersonalization

Question 44

These are examples of…
“I don’t make a difference at my job”
“I get all tense when people come to me with emotional problems”

Answer 44

Lack of Personal Accomplishment

Question 45

________________ is an inner injury, a lasting rupture or split within the self due to difficult or harmful events

Answer 45

Trauma

Question 46

____________________ involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event.

Answer 46

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 47

-Re-experiencing trauma via nightmares, flashbacks
-Emotional numbing, alienation, problems in social relations
-Elevated arousal, anxiety, and guilt

Are symptoms of _________________

Answer 47

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 48

Do most people who experience trauma develop PTSD?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

A key predictor for developing PTSD is the ________________ of one’s reaction at the time of the traumatic event.

Answer 49

Intensity

Question 50

___________________ are genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors, especially emotional distress.

Answer 50

Psychosomatic diseases

Question 51

_____________________ aid and succour provided by members of one’s social networks.”

Answer 51

Social support

Question 52

______________________ is a disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance.

Answer 52

Hardiness

Question 53

___________________ is a general tendency to expect good outcomes.

Answer 53

Optimism

Question 54

_____________________ results from a reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood.

Answer 54

Coronary heart disease

Question 55

____________________ is a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries, usually caused by buildup of fatty deposits and other debris on the inner walls.

Answer 55

Atherosclerosis

Question 56

Research suggests a link between coronary risk and a behaviour pattern termed the Type ____ personality.

Answer 56

Type A personality

Question 57

Type ____ personality has three components:
A strong competitive orientation
Impatience and time urgency
Anger and hostility

Answer 57

Type A personality

Question 58

Stress and personality factors can influence the _______________ of disease.

Answer 58

Course

Question 59

The ________________ is the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances.

Answer 59

immune response

Question 60

__________________, is a chronic, progressive disorder marked by a growing compulsion to drink and impaired control over drinking that eventually interferes with health and social behaviour.

Answer 60

Alcoholism

Question 61

_____________________________ is a disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Answer 61

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)