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Understanding Yourself and Others > The Self > Flashcards

The Self Flashcards

1
Q

___________________ is an organized collection of beliefs about the self, of one’s own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour

A

Self-concept

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2
Q

Beliefs about the self are also called _______________ and include personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, & social roles

A

Self-schemas

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3
Q

_____________________________ refer to “one’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future”

A

Possible selves

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4
Q

An _____________________ is qualities people think they actually possess.

A

Actual self

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5
Q

An ________________________ is qualities people would like to have.

A

Ideal self

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6
Q

An __________________________ is qualities people think they should possess.

A

Ought self

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7
Q

_______________________: mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves

A

Self-discrepancies

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8
Q

When the “__________________” falls short of the “________________________,” we feel irritable and guilty.

A

Actual self, ought self

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8
Q

When the “______________” falls short of the “________________” we feel dejected and sad.

A

Actual self, ideal self

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9
Q

__________________________ states that we compare ourselves with others in order to assess and/or improve our abilities.

A

Social comparison theory

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10
Q

A _________________________ is a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons.

A

Reference group

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11
Q

If we want to bolster self-esteem, we choose inferior groups, which is referred to as “_____________________________”.

A

Downward social comparison

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12
Q

If we want to improve, we choose reference groups of superior quality, which is referred to as “________________________________”.

A

Upward social comparison

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13
Q

_________________ also affects our self-concept.

A

Social context

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14
Q

In cultures that value _________________________, identity is defined more in terms of __________________________.

A

Individualism, personal attributes

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15
Q

In cultures that value ___________________, identity is defined more in terms of the __________________ one belongs to.

A

Collectivism, groups

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16
Q

__________________________ is putting group goals ahead of personal goals.

A

Collectivism

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17
Q

___________________________ is putting personal goals ahead of group goals.

A

Individualism

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18
Q

People raised in ________________________ cultures:
-Have an independent view of the self
-View themselves as unique, self-contained, and distinct from others

A

Individualistic

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19
Q

People raised in ____________________ cultures:
-Have an interdependent view of the self
-View themselves as more connected to others

A

Collectivist

20
Q

__________________ refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person.

A

Self-esteem

21
Q

___________________________ is an enduring sense of confidence in a person.

A

Trait self-esteem

22
Q

____________________________ is dynamic feelings about the self that change with the situation.

A

State self-esteem

23
Q

_____________________ is the tendency to regard oneself as grandiosely self-important

A

Narcissism

24
Q

Narcissism is ________________________ and different from high self-esteem, a healthy trait

A

Pathological

25
Q

The ____________________________ is associated with the highest self-esteem scores

A

Authoritative style

26
Q

____________________________ are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour.

A

Self-attributions

27
Q

_________________________ ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings.

A

Internal attributions

28
Q

___________________________ ascribe behaviour to situational demands.

A

External attributions

29
Q

____________________ are the cause of behaviour that is unlikely to change over time

A

Stable attributions

30
Q

___________________________ are the cause of behaviour that is variable, or subject to change.

A

Unstable attributions

31
Q

_______________________ refers to the “tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one’s life

A

Explanatory style

32
Q

People who use an __________________________ attribute setbacks to external, unstable, and specific factors.

A

Optimistic explanatory style

33
Q

People who use a _____________________________ attribute setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors.

A

Pessimistic explanatory style

34
Q

____________________ is a desire for truthful information about oneself

A

Self-assessment

35
Q

__________________________ is a desire to maintain positive feelings about oneself

A

Self-enhancement

36
Q

___________________________ is a defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious than one’s own.

A

Downward social comparison

37
Q

_______________________ is a tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors.

A

Self-serving bias

38
Q

______________________________ is a tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing one’s association with those who are successful.”

A

Basking in reflected glory

39
Q

_________________________ is a tendency to sabotage one’s performance to provide an excuse for possible failure.

A

Self-sabotage

40
Q

______________________ is the process of directing and controlling one’s behaviour.

A

Self-regulation

41
Q

According to the ______________________________, people have a limited amount of self-control.

A

Ego depletion model of self-regulation

42
Q

____________________ is one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes” is very important to healthy adjustment

A

Self-efficacy

43
Q

Self-efficacy can be developed and usually comes from 4 sources. What are they?

A

Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, persuasion and encouragement, and interpretation of emotional arousal

44
Q

A ______________________________ is an image presented to others in social interactions

A

Public self

45
Q

______________________ is the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others

A

Self-monitoring

46
Q

__________________________ are more concerned about making favorable impressions and are good at interpreting what others see.

A

High self-monitors

47
Q

____________________________ are more likely to express their true feelings or attitudes.

A

Low self-monitors

Understanding Yourself and Others (7 decks)

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