The Self

Question 1

___________________ is an organized collection of beliefs about the self, of one’s own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour

Answer 1

Self-concept

Question 2

Beliefs about the self are also called _______________ and include personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, & social roles

Answer 2

Self-schemas

Question 3

_____________________________ refer to “one’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future”

Answer 3

Possible selves

Question 4

An _____________________ is qualities people think they actually possess.

Answer 4

Actual self

Question 5

An ________________________ is qualities people would like to have.

Answer 5

Ideal self

Question 6

An __________________________ is qualities people think they should possess.

Answer 6

Ought self

Question 7

_______________________: mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves

Answer 7

Self-discrepancies

Question 8

When the “__________________” falls short of the “________________________,” we feel irritable and guilty.

Answer 8

Actual self, ought self

Question 8

When the “______________” falls short of the “________________” we feel dejected and sad.

Answer 8

Actual self, ideal self

Question 9

__________________________ states that we compare ourselves with others in order to assess and/or improve our abilities.

Answer 9

Social comparison theory

Question 10

A _________________________ is a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons.

Answer 10

Reference group

Question 11

If we want to bolster self-esteem, we choose inferior groups, which is referred to as “_____________________________”.

Answer 11

Downward social comparison

Question 12

If we want to improve, we choose reference groups of superior quality, which is referred to as “________________________________”.

Answer 12

Upward social comparison

Question 13

_________________ also affects our self-concept.

Answer 13

Social context

Question 14

In cultures that value _________________________, identity is defined more in terms of __________________________.

Answer 14

Individualism, personal attributes

Question 15

In cultures that value ___________________, identity is defined more in terms of the __________________ one belongs to.

Answer 15

Collectivism, groups

Question 16

__________________________ is putting group goals ahead of personal goals.

Answer 16

Collectivism

Question 17

___________________________ is putting personal goals ahead of group goals.

Answer 17

Individualism

Question 18

People raised in ________________________ cultures:
-Have an independent view of the self
-View themselves as unique, self-contained, and distinct from others

Answer 18

Individualistic

Question 19

People raised in ____________________ cultures:
-Have an interdependent view of the self
-View themselves as more connected to others

Answer 19

Collectivist

Question 20

__________________ refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person.

Answer 20

Self-esteem

Question 21

___________________________ is an enduring sense of confidence in a person.

Answer 21

Trait self-esteem

Question 22

____________________________ is dynamic feelings about the self that change with the situation.

Answer 22

State self-esteem

Question 23

_____________________ is the tendency to regard oneself as grandiosely self-important

Answer 23

Narcissism

Question 24

Narcissism is ________________________ and different from high self-esteem, a healthy trait

Answer 24

Pathological

Question 25

The ____________________________ is associated with the highest self-esteem scores

Answer 25

Authoritative style

Question 26

____________________________ are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour.

Answer 26

Self-attributions

Question 27

_________________________ ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings.

Answer 27

Internal attributions

Question 28

___________________________ ascribe behaviour to situational demands.

Answer 28

External attributions

Question 29

____________________ are the cause of behaviour that is unlikely to change over time

Answer 29

Stable attributions

Question 30

___________________________ are the cause of behaviour that is variable, or subject to change.

Answer 30

Unstable attributions

Question 31

_______________________ refers to the “tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one’s life

Answer 31

Explanatory style

Question 32

People who use an __________________________ attribute setbacks to external, unstable, and specific factors.

Answer 32

Optimistic explanatory style

Question 33

People who use a _____________________________ attribute setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors.

Answer 33

Pessimistic explanatory style

Question 34

____________________ is a desire for truthful information about oneself

Answer 34

Self-assessment

Question 35

__________________________ is a desire to maintain positive feelings about oneself

Answer 35

Self-enhancement

Question 36

___________________________ is a defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious than one’s own.

Answer 36

Downward social comparison

Question 37

_______________________ is a tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors.

Answer 37

Self-serving bias

Question 38

______________________________ is a tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing one’s association with those who are successful."

Answer 38

Basking in reflected glory

Question 39

_________________________ is a tendency to sabotage one’s performance to provide an excuse for possible failure.

Answer 39

Self-sabotage

Question 40

______________________ is the process of directing and controlling one’s behaviour.

Answer 40

Self-regulation

Question 41

According to the ______________________________, people have a limited amount of self-control.

Answer 41

Ego depletion model of self-regulation

Question 42

____________________ is one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes” is very important to healthy adjustment

Answer 42

Self-efficacy

Question 43

Self-efficacy can be developed and usually comes from 4 sources. What are they?

Answer 43

Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, persuasion and encouragement, and interpretation of emotional arousal

Question 44

A ______________________________ is an image presented to others in social interactions

Answer 44

Public self

Question 45

______________________ is the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others

Answer 45

Self-monitoring

Question 46

__________________________ are more concerned about making favorable impressions and are good at interpreting what others see.

Answer 46

High self-monitors

Question 47

____________________________ are more likely to express their true feelings or attitudes.

Answer 47

Low self-monitors