The Self Flashcards
___________________ is an organized collection of beliefs about the self, of one’s own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour
Self-concept
Beliefs about the self are also called _______________ and include personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, & social roles
Self-schemas
_____________________________ refer to “one’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future”
Possible selves
An _____________________ is qualities people think they actually possess.
Actual self
An ________________________ is qualities people would like to have.
Ideal self
An __________________________ is qualities people think they should possess.
Ought self
_______________________: mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves
Self-discrepancies
When the “__________________” falls short of the “________________________,” we feel irritable and guilty.
Actual self, ought self
When the “______________” falls short of the “________________” we feel dejected and sad.
Actual self, ideal self
__________________________ states that we compare ourselves with others in order to assess and/or improve our abilities.
Social comparison theory
A _________________________ is a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons.
Reference group
If we want to bolster self-esteem, we choose inferior groups, which is referred to as “_____________________________”.
Downward social comparison
If we want to improve, we choose reference groups of superior quality, which is referred to as “________________________________”.
Upward social comparison
_________________ also affects our self-concept.
Social context
In cultures that value _________________________, identity is defined more in terms of __________________________.
Individualism, personal attributes
In cultures that value ___________________, identity is defined more in terms of the __________________ one belongs to.
Collectivism, groups
__________________________ is putting group goals ahead of personal goals.
Collectivism
___________________________ is putting personal goals ahead of group goals.
Individualism
People raised in ________________________ cultures:
-Have an independent view of the self
-View themselves as unique, self-contained, and distinct from others
Individualistic
People raised in ____________________ cultures:
-Have an interdependent view of the self
-View themselves as more connected to others
Collectivist
__________________ refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person.
Self-esteem
___________________________ is an enduring sense of confidence in a person.
Trait self-esteem
____________________________ is dynamic feelings about the self that change with the situation.
State self-esteem
_____________________ is the tendency to regard oneself as grandiosely self-important
Narcissism
Narcissism is ________________________ and different from high self-esteem, a healthy trait
Pathological
The ____________________________ is associated with the highest self-esteem scores
Authoritative style
____________________________ are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour.
Self-attributions
_________________________ ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings.
Internal attributions
___________________________ ascribe behaviour to situational demands.
External attributions
____________________ are the cause of behaviour that is unlikely to change over time
Stable attributions
___________________________ are the cause of behaviour that is variable, or subject to change.
Unstable attributions
_______________________ refers to the “tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one’s life
Explanatory style
People who use an __________________________ attribute setbacks to external, unstable, and specific factors.
Optimistic explanatory style
People who use a _____________________________ attribute setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors.
Pessimistic explanatory style
____________________ is a desire for truthful information about oneself
Self-assessment
__________________________ is a desire to maintain positive feelings about oneself
Self-enhancement
___________________________ is a defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious than one’s own.
Downward social comparison
_______________________ is a tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors.
Self-serving bias
______________________________ is a tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing one’s association with those who are successful.”
Basking in reflected glory
_________________________ is a tendency to sabotage one’s performance to provide an excuse for possible failure.
Self-sabotage
______________________ is the process of directing and controlling one’s behaviour.
Self-regulation
According to the ______________________________, people have a limited amount of self-control.
Ego depletion model of self-regulation
____________________ is one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes” is very important to healthy adjustment
Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy can be developed and usually comes from 4 sources. What are they?
Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, persuasion and encouragement, and interpretation of emotional arousal
A ______________________________ is an image presented to others in social interactions
Public self
______________________ is the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others
Self-monitoring
__________________________ are more concerned about making favorable impressions and are good at interpreting what others see.
High self-monitors
____________________________ are more likely to express their true feelings or attitudes.
Low self-monitors
