Interpersonal Communication Flashcards
__________________________ is an interactional process in which one person sends a message to another
Interpersonal communication
_____________________ is not “one-way,” but bi-directional and interactional.
Interpersonal communication
The ____________________ is the person who initiates the message
Sender
The ____________________ is the person to whom the message is targeted
Receiver
The _________________________ is the information or meaning that is transmitted from the sender to the receiver
Message
The _____________________ refers to the sensory channel through which the message reaches the receiver
Channel
The _______________________ is any stimulus that interferes with accurately expressing or understanding a message
Noise
The ___________________ is the environment in which communication takes place
Context
The sender _________________ and the receiver __________________.
Encodes, decodes.
The primary benefit of ____________________ is being able to present yourself virtually to an online community.
Social networking sites (SNS)
One risk of ____________________ is loss of privacy if they are not careful.
Social networking sites (SNS)
_____________________________ is essential for many important aspects of life.
Effective communication
_______________________________ enhances satisfaction in relationships.
Good communication
____________________________ is a major cause of relationship break-ups.
Poor communication
______________________________ is the transmission of meaning from one person to another through means or symbols other than words
Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication ______________________: facial expressions and body posture can convey how we feel without words.
Conveys emotions
Nonverbal communication is __________________________: we use facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, vocal tone, and body language.
Multichanneled
Nonverbal communication is __________________________: body language can be difficult to interpret.
Ambiguous
Nonverbal communication may __________________________________-_: we may say one thing, but our body conveys something different.
Contradict verbal messages
Nonverbal communication is ____________________________: nonverbal signals vary from one culture to another.
Culture-bound
_________________________ is the study of personal space
Proxemics
__________________________ is a zone of space surrounding a person that is felt to ‘belong’ to that person
Personal space
What are the 4 main parts of active listening?
Non-verbal communication, verbal communication, responding to the speaker, and keeping the focus on them/letting them talk.
_____________________ govern the expression of emotion.
Display rules
_______________________ is the study of communication through body movements
Kinesics
_______________________________ emphasize the words we speak.
Hand gestures
________________________________ includes all vocal cues other than the content of the verbal message itself
Paralanguage
When using __________________________, finding the right balance is important
Eye contact
Understanding cultural differences in the amount of ________________________ conveys respect
Eye contact
________________________ involves leaning forward, relaxed posture, unobtrusive gestures
Body language
______________________________ include voice loudness, pitch, rate and fluency
Vocal qualities
_________________________________ is clarification, paraphrasing, summarization
Verbal tracking
___________________________ is the act of sharing information about yourself with another person
Self-disclosure
_____________________________ is anxiety caused by having to talk with others
Communication apprehension
_____________________________ is excessive concern with protecting oneself from being hurt
Defensiveness
____________________________ is listening carefully only to then verbally attack the speaker
Ambushing
________________________________ is being so self-absorbed the other person cannot equally participate
Self-preoccupation
_____________________________ is low concern for self and others
Avoiding/withdrawing
______________________________ is low concern for self, high concern for others
Accommodating
___________________________ is high concern for self, low concern for others
Competing/forcing
______________________________ is moderate concern for self and others
Compromising
____________________________________ is high concern for self and others
Collaborating
____________________________ involves acting in your own best interests by expressing your thoughts and feelings directly and honestly
Assertiveness
__________________________ involves “giving in” to others
Submissive communication
____________________________ focuses on saying and getting what you want at the expense of others
Aggressive communication
_________________________________ is the process of forming impressions of others
Person perception
Person perception relies on five key sources of information. What are they?
Appearance
Verbal behavior
Actions
Nonverbal messages
Situational cues
__________________________ are those made quickly and based on only a few bits of information and preconceived notions
Snap judgments
______________________________ require more controlled processing and tend to occur when forming impressions of others that can affect our happiness or welfare.
Systematic judgments
_________________________ are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour, others’ behaviour, and events
Attributions
__________________________ are when people attribute the cause of others’ behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, or feelings.
Internal attributions
______________________________ are when people attribute the cause of others’ behaviour to situational demands or environmental constraints.
External attributions
The _______________________________ refers to “the tendency to explain other people’s behaviour as the result of personal, rather than situational, factors
Fundamental attribution error
A _________________________ is the tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
Defensive attribution
_____________________ is when forming impressions of others, we default to automatic processing.
Efficiency
________________________ is when we “see what we expect to see” by focusing on aspects of the person that confirm our expectations.
Selectivity
Once a perceiver has formed an impression of someone, they tune out subsequent information. This is called the _______________________.
Primacy effect
_________________________ is the tendency to seek information that supports one’s beliefs while not pursuing disconfirming information
Confirmation bias
____________________________ occur when expectations about a person cause them to behave in ways that confirm the expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecies
________________________________ are cognitive “shortcuts” in which we categorize people on the basis of nationality, race, gender, etc.
Social categorizations
People perceive similar individuals to be members of their ______________ and dissimilar people to be members of the ___________________.
ingroup (us) and outgroup (them)
__________________________ are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
Stereotypes
___________________ is a negative attitude toward members of a group
Prejudice
_______________________ involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group
Discrimination
_________________________ has declined in recent years but is still present and a more subtle (“modern”) form of discrimination has emerged.
Overt discrimination
__________________________ occurs when people privately harbour negative attitudes toward minority groups but express them only when they feel such views are justified, or that it’s safe to do so.
Modern discrimination
________________________________ require two or more groups to work together to achieve mutual ends and can reduce intergroup hostility.
Superordinate goals
________________________________ occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure
Conformity
_____________________________ occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behaviour, even though their private beliefs have not changed
Compliance
__________________________________ operates when people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences
Normative influence
______________________________________ operates when people look to others for how to behave in ambiguous situations
Informational influence
The ______________________________ states that once people agree to something, they will tend to stick with it
Consistency principle
The _________________________________ is getting people to agree to a small request so that they agree to a larger request later
Foot-in-the-door technique
The ____________________________________ is getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed
Lowball technique
The ____________________________________ exploits the tendency for people to think they should pay back in kind what they receive from others
Reciprocity principle
The _________________________________________ involves making a large request that is likely to be turned down in order to increase the changes that people will agree to a smaller request later
Door-in-the-face technique
The ___________________________ is when people believe that if something is scarce, it must be good, and they are more likely to buy it.
Scarcity principle
