Theories of learning

Question 1

what are the 3 theories of learning for sport

Answer 1

• operant conditioning
• cognitive learning theory
• observational learning

Question 2

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 2

approval which increases the probability of a behavior occurring e.g. praise from a coach, applause from crowd

Question 3

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 3

withdrawal of a disapproval when desired behaviour prevails e.g. coach stops shouting from the side line

Question 4

what is punishment

Answer 4

disapproval/annoyer when an undesired behaviour occurs to prevent the behaviour from reoccurring e.g. a red card

Question 5

what is Thorndyke’s Law (RedEfEx)

Answer 5

• law of effect
• law of exercise
• law of readiness

Question 6

what is the law of effect

Answer 6

reinforcement increases the chances of behaviour reoccurring

Question 7

what is the law of exercise

Answer 7

in order for the S-R bond to be strengthened, it is necessary for regular practice to take place in favourable conditions

Question 8

what is the law of readiness

Answer 8

for learning to be effective, the performer has to be in the right frame of mind psychologically as well as being physically ready

Question 9

what are involved in associationist theories

Answer 9

• rely on the learner creating a S-R bond
• outcome and product are more important that understanding
• bonds are strengthened by repetition and reinforcement
• once the connection is made, behaviour becomes habitual

Question 10

what is operant conditioning

Answer 10

• manipulation of behaviour toward a stimulus
• learner’s behaviour in the present is a result of the consequence of their previous actions
• Skinner’s box

Question 11

practical example of operant conditioning

Answer 11

1 - coach feeds shuttle high and deep
2 - coach shapes behaviour by including the smash shot
3 - trial and error - player attempts to return shuttle sometimes with a smash
4 - when the player hits the smash shot, coach praises them

Question 12

what is cognitive learning theory

Answer 12

• player is put in a whole problem and needs to develop their own schema to solve the problem
• they use insight learning to develop the schema and use previous experience to help them to problem solve
• intervening variables apply

Question 13

examples of intervening variables

Answer 13

• opposition - location and skill
• your teammates
• weather conditions
• score/time left

Question 14

positive of cognitive learning theory

Answer 14

• realistic
• develops generic problem solving
• adaptable

Question 15

negatives of cognitive learning theory

Answer 15

• overwhelming for cognitive learners
• time consuming

Question 16

what is observational learning

Answer 16

• learning by demonstration/visual guidance
• modeling and reinforcement
• copying human behaviours

Question 17

what is Bandura’s ARMM

Answer 17

attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation

Question 18

what is the process of observational learning

Answer 18

observation
imitate behaviour
reinforcement
behavioural change

Question 19

what is used to break an undesired learning bond

Answer 19

noxious stimulus

Question 20

positives of operant conditioning

Answer 20

• creates association with S-R
• has ability to change S-R bond
• effective for working on individual skill

Question 21

negatives of operant conditioning

Answer 21

• lack of understanding
• assumes humans act like rodents
• could do wrong action in different situation

Question 22

positives of observational learning

Answer 22

• creates mental image of action
• simple to understand for a beginner with simple action
• can learn the best advice from others

Question 23

negatives of observational learning

Answer 23

• don’t gain an understanding
• needs a good demonstration for it to be learnt correctly
• can be difficult to reproduce what you observe