Memory + information processing Flashcards
what is encoding
coding information so it can be stored in your memory
what is storage
storing a memory as a result of encoding
what is retrieval
recovering stored information from the memory system
what are the components of memory
- short term sensory store
- selective attention
- STM
- LTM
what is the short term sensory store
- collects all the information entering the body via the sensory system
- unlimited capacity
- can only retain information for up to a second
what is selective attention
where the performer gathers only important information thus speeding up decision making time
how can a performer improve their selective attention
- use appropriate practice methods
- highlighting specific cues
- altering intensity of stimulus
- refer to past experiences
- making stimulus meaningful
- reaching correct level of arousal
what is your STM
the working memory
- receives filtered info and compares it to stored info from past experiences
- 5-9 pieces capacity
- info can be retained for 30s
ways to improve STM
- chunking
- chaining
- using selective attention
- simplifying
- imagery
- reinforcement
what is chunking
arranging information into groups allowing more pieces of info to be stored
what is chaining
linking together all the piece of information
what is your LTM
the permanent retention of information through repetition and rehearsal
- large capacity
- stored for 48 years
how can your LTM be improved
- improving the capability of the STM
- practicing and repeating movements
- developing a range of past experiences
- using mental rehearsal
- making information meaningful and relevant
what is reaction time
the time is takes from receiving information to making a decision
what is movement time
the time it takes to act on the decision
what is response time
how long it takes from receiving a stimulus through your senses to completing to movement
reaction time + movement time = response time
what are the factors affecting reaction time
- stimulus (type, intensity, amount)
- individual performer
- requirements of the task
what is simple reaction time
response to one stimulus
FASTER
what is choice reaction time
response to more than one stimulus
SLOWER
what is Hick’s Law
the more stimuli there are, the slower you react to each one
what is the psychological refractory period
the delay caused by being able to process only one piece of information at a time
what would the psychological refractory period look like
reacting to a dummy pass in rugby
what are the three stages of basic information processing
- stimulus identification
- response selection
- response programming
what does Whiting’s model look like
what are the stages of Whiting’s model
- input data
- receptor systems
- central mechanisms
- muscular system
- output data
- feedback data
what are in the central mechanisms
- perceptual mechanisms
- translatory mechanisms
- effector mechanisms
what is the input data
the physical environment surrounding the performer
- contains various stimuli or cues
what are receptor systems
the senses that collect information from the display
what is the perceptual mechanism
used for the interpretation and analysis of information gathered from the environment - uses selective attention
what are translatory mechanisms
decision making, adapting and comparing coded information to LTM so decisions can be made
what are effector mechanisms
the network of nerves that send coded impulses to the muscles
what is output data
the third stage of information processing involving the completion of the selected action
what is feedback data
internal and external data available to the player which will dictate what they do in the future
who proposed the multi-store memory model
Atkinson and Shiffrin
who proposed the levels of processing model
Craik and Lockhart
what does the level of processing model propose
processing makes up memory - shallow and deep
characteristics of shallow processing
- structural processing
- phonemic processing
- weak memory trace and information is only retained short term
what is structural processing
what the stimulus looks like e.g. shape of a ball
what is phonemic processing
what the stimulus sounds like e.g. the noise made by a tennis ball
what does shallow processing come from
maintenance rehearsal
characteristics of deep processing
- understanding the meaning of a stimulus
- elaborative rehearsal
- semantic processing
- strong memory trace
what is semantic processing
how the stimulus relates to previously stored stimuli and the importance of it
what is elaborative rehearsal
what deeper processing comes from
what is temporal anticipation
predicting when something might happen e.g. predicting the gun
what is spatial anticipation
predicting where/what will happen in the environment to gain an advantage
what does the schema theory state
that movement skills are not stored as separate motor programmes
what is the schema theory
generalised movements or experiences are stored as four memory items
