Memory + information processing

Question 1

what is encoding

Answer 1

coding information so it can be stored in your memory

Question 2

what is storage

Answer 2

storing a memory as a result of encoding

Question 3

what is retrieval

Answer 3

recovering stored information from the memory system

Question 4

what are the components of memory

Answer 4

• short term sensory store
• selective attention
• STM
• LTM

Question 5

what is the short term sensory store

Answer 5

• collects all the information entering the body via the sensory system
• unlimited capacity
• can only retain information for up to a second

Question 6

what is selective attention

Answer 6

where the performer gathers only important information thus speeding up decision making time

Question 7

how can a performer improve their selective attention

Answer 7

• use appropriate practice methods
• highlighting specific cues
• altering intensity of stimulus
• refer to past experiences
• making stimulus meaningful
• reaching correct level of arousal

Question 8

what is your STM

Answer 8

the working memory
- receives filtered info and compares it to stored info from past experiences
- 5-9 pieces capacity
- info can be retained for 30s

Question 9

ways to improve STM

Answer 9

• chunking
• chaining
• using selective attention
• simplifying
• imagery
• reinforcement

Question 10

what is chunking

Answer 10

arranging information into groups allowing more pieces of info to be stored

Question 11

what is chaining

Answer 11

linking together all the piece of information

Question 12

what is your LTM

Answer 12

the permanent retention of information through repetition and rehearsal
- large capacity
- stored for 48 years

Question 13

how can your LTM be improved

Answer 13

• improving the capability of the STM
• practicing and repeating movements
• developing a range of past experiences
• using mental rehearsal
• making information meaningful and relevant

Question 14

what is reaction time

Answer 14

the time is takes from receiving information to making a decision

Question 15

what is movement time

Answer 15

the time it takes to act on the decision

Question 16

what is response time

Answer 16

how long it takes from receiving a stimulus through your senses to completing to movement
reaction time + movement time = response time

Question 17

what are the factors affecting reaction time

Answer 17

• stimulus (type, intensity, amount)
• individual performer
• requirements of the task

Question 18

what is simple reaction time

Answer 18

response to one stimulus
FASTER

Question 19

what is choice reaction time

Answer 19

response to more than one stimulus
SLOWER

Question 20

what is Hick’s Law

Answer 20

the more stimuli there are, the slower you react to each one

Question 21

what is the psychological refractory period

Answer 21

the delay caused by being able to process only one piece of information at a time

Question 22

what would the psychological refractory period look like

Answer 22

reacting to a dummy pass in rugby

Question 23

what are the three stages of basic information processing

Answer 23

• stimulus identification
• response selection
• response programming

Question 24

what does Whiting’s model look like

Answer 24

Question 25

what are the stages of Whiting's model

Answer 25

- input data - receptor systems - central mechanisms - muscular system - output data - feedback data

Question 26

what are in the central mechanisms

Answer 26

- perceptual mechanisms - translatory mechanisms - effector mechanisms

Question 27

what is the input data

Answer 27

the physical environment surrounding the performer - contains various stimuli or cues

Question 28

what are receptor systems

Answer 28

the senses that collect information from the display

Question 29

what is the perceptual mechanism

Answer 29

used for the interpretation and analysis of information gathered from the environment - uses selective attention

Question 30

what are translatory mechanisms

Answer 30

decision making, adapting and comparing coded information to LTM so decisions can be made

Question 31

what are effector mechanisms

Answer 31

the network of nerves that send coded impulses to the muscles

Question 32

what is output data

Answer 32

the third stage of information processing involving the completion of the selected action

Question 33

what is feedback data

Answer 33

internal and external data available to the player which will dictate what they do in the future

Question 34

who proposed the multi-store memory model

Answer 34

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 35

who proposed the levels of processing model

Answer 35

Craik and Lockhart

Question 36

what does the level of processing model propose

Answer 36

processing makes up memory - shallow and deep

Question 37

characteristics of shallow processing

Answer 37

- structural processing - phonemic processing - weak memory trace and information is only retained short term

Question 38

what is structural processing

Answer 38

what the stimulus looks like e.g. shape of a ball

Question 39

what is phonemic processing

Answer 39

what the stimulus sounds like e.g. the noise made by a tennis ball

Question 40

what does shallow processing come from

Answer 40

maintenance rehearsal

Question 41

characteristics of deep processing

Answer 41

- understanding the meaning of a stimulus - elaborative rehearsal - semantic processing - strong memory trace

Question 42

what is semantic processing

Answer 42

how the stimulus relates to previously stored stimuli and the importance of it

Question 43

what is elaborative rehearsal

Answer 43

what deeper processing comes from

Question 44

what is temporal anticipation

Answer 44

predicting when something might happen e.g. predicting the gun

Question 45

what is spatial anticipation

Answer 45

predicting where/what will happen in the environment to gain an advantage

Question 46

what does the schema theory state

Answer 46

that movement skills are not stored as separate motor programmes

Question 47

what is the schema theory

Answer 47

generalised movements or experiences are stored as four memory items

Question 48

what is a recall schema

Answer 48

used to store information about the production and initiation of movement

Question 49

what is involved in a recall schema

Answer 49

- knowledge of initial conditions - knowledge of response specifications

Question 50

what is a recognition schema

Answer 50

control the movement and form an evaluation

Question 51

what is involved in a recognition schema

Answer 51

- knowledge of sensory consequences - response outcome

Question 52

what are strategies to enable schema development

Answer 52

- varied practice conditions - avoid blocked/massed practice - practice relevant to the game - lots of feedback - realistic practice - tasks should be challenging