Theories of learning

Question 1

Theory states =

Answer 1

We learn skills by watching and copying others: Modelling

More likely to copy Significant others

Question 2

4 processes for the demo to be successful

Answer 2

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

Question 3

Attention

Answer 3

Focus on important cues = cueing
- short and simple
- through verbal guidance
E.g. focusing on one hand of a tennis serve

Question 4

Retention

Answer 4

Retain info in LTM 
- repeat the demo 
- keep it relevant 
- keep it exciting 
E.g. repeat the tennis serve

Question 5

Motor reproduction

Answer 5

Must be capable of reproducing the skill
- needs to be repeatable not too complex — break into subroutines if too complex
E.g. slow down movement such as a butterfly kick in swimming

Question 6

Motivation

Answer 6

Must be motivated to practice

• rewards
• challenges
• praise
• threat of punishment such as fitness

Question 7

More likely to be copied if

Answer 7

Accurate
Praise or rewards are offered
Powerful demo
Performed by someone who is similar age/gender/peer group

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

practice and reinforcement of an S-R bond

Question 9

ways to strengthen reinforcement

Answer 9

structure conditions
trial and error 
behaviour shaping 
positive/negative reinforcement 
punishment

Question 10

evaluation of operant conditioning

Answer 10

strengthens S-R bond towards a desired response
increases confidence and motivation

can strengthen incorrect S-R bond if used wrong
when rewards are taken, can decrease motivation
if overused can lose effect

Question 11

cognitive learning theory

Answer 11

problem solving and mental

Question 12

ways to strengthen cognitive learning

Answer 12

whole learning 
intervening variables - mental rehearsal 
perception 
past experiences 
insight - intuition

Question 13

evaluation of cognitive learning theory

Answer 13

develop kinaesthesis
develop problem solving skills

dangerous skills
decreased motivation
no past experiences