THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP Flashcards
Leadership _____ seek to explain how and why certain people become leaders.
theories
Such theories often focus on the _______ of leaders, but some attempt to identify the ______ that people can adopt to improve their own leadership abilities in different situations.
characteristics
behaviors
Early debates on the psychology of leadership often suggested that such skills were simply abilities that people were born with. In other words, these theories proposed that certain people were simply ?
born leaders
Some more recent theories propose that possessing certain traits may help make people nature leaders, but that experience and situational variables also play a critical role.
What are the Theories of Leadership?
- Great Man Theories
- Trait Theories
- Contingency Theories (Situational theories)
- Behavioral Theories
- Participative Theories
- Management Theories
- Relationship Theories
According to this point of view, great leaders are simply born with the necessary internal characteristics such as charisma, confidence, intelligence, and social skills that make them natural-born leaders.
Great Man Theories
In the 1840s, he suggests great leaders are born, not made.
Thomas Carlyle
Intrinsic Leadership Traits Defining a Destined Leader:
Intelligence
Sociability
Confidence
Charisma
Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent that great leaders are ____, not made.
born
These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined to rise to leadership when needed.
Great Man Theories
The term “Great Man” was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of ______ leadership.
military
Such theories suggest that people cannot really learn how to become strong leaders. It’s either something you are born with or born without.
Great Man Theories
Similar in some ways to Great Man theories, __________ assume that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership.
Trait Theories
In 1936, psychologist ________ found that one English- language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. He categorized these traits into three levels:
Gordon Allport
Traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and tend to develop later in life.
Cardinal Traits
These are the general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. Terms like intelligent, honest, shy anxious are considered central traits.
Central Traits
These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Example impatient while waiting in traffic.
Secondary Traits
If particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders?
One of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
This theory focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation.
Contingency Theories (Situational theories)
4 Leadership Style
S1 - Directing
S2 - Coaching
S3 - Supporting
S4 - Delegating
According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations.
Contingency Theories (Situational theories)
Effective leadership is not just about the qualities of the leader, it is about striking the right balance leadership style, qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation.
Contingency Theories (Situational theories)
This theory is based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Consider it the flip-side of the Great Man theories.
Behavioral Theories
This leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders, not on mental qualities or internal states.
Behavioral Theories
According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation.
Behavioral Theories
This theory suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account.
Participative Theories
These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process.
Participative Theories
In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others.
(True or False)
True
Management Theories is also known as?
Transactional Theories
This theory focus on the role of supervision, organization and group performance.
Management Theories
Management Theories base leadership on a system of ________?
rewards and punishments
These are often used in business; when employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished
Managerial Theories
Relationship Theories is also known as?
Transformational Theories
This focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers.
Relationship Theories
These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task.
Transformational Leaders
These leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential.
Relationship Theories
This refers to a leader’s characteristic behaviors when directing motivating, guiding, and managing groups of people. They can also motivate others to perform, create, and innovate.
leadership style
In 1939, a group of researchers led by psychologist __________ set out to identify different styles of leadership.
Kurt Lewin
Authoritarian Leaderships is also known as?
Autocratic Leaders
This leaderhsip provide clear expectations for what needs to be done when it should be done, and how it should be done.
Authoritarian Leaderhsip (Autocratic)
This style of leadership is strongly focused on both command by the leader and control of the followers.
Authoritarian Leaderhsip (Autocratic)
In this leadership style, there is also a clear division between the leader and the members.
Authoritarian Leaderhsip (Autocratic)
Authoritarian leaders make decisions _________ with little or no input from the rest of the group.
independently
Researchers found that _________ was less creative under authoritarian leadership.
decision-making
Abuse of Authoritarian Leaderhsip (Autocratic) method is usually viewed as controlling, bossy, and dictatorial.
(True or False)
True
Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable member of the group.
(True or False)
True
Participative Leadership is also known as?
democratic leadership
This is typically the most effective leadership style.
Participative Leadership (Democratic)
Democratic leaders offer _______ to group members, but they also participate in the group and allow input from other group members.
guidance
Participative leaders encourage group members to participate but retain the ________ in the decision-making process.
final say
In this leadership style, group members feel engaged in the process and are more motivated and creative.
Participative Leadership (Democratic)
These leaders tend to make followers feel like they are an important part of the team, which helps foster commitment to the goals of the group
Democratic leaders
The followers in this group also made more demands on the leader, showed LITTLE cooperation, and were unable to work independently.
Delegative Leadership (Laissez-Faire)
Delegative Leadership is also known as?
Laissez-Faire
These leaders offer little or no guidance to group members and leave decision-making up to group members.
Delegative leaders
This leadership style often leads to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation.
Delegative Leadership (Laissez-Faire)
Lewin noted that laissez-faire leadership tended to result in groups that lacked ________ where members blamed each other for mistakes, refused to accept personal responsibility, and produced a lack of progress and work.
direction
Leadership Styles
- Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic)
- Participative Leadership (Democratic)
- Delegative Leadership (Laissez-Faire)
Additional Leadership Styles
- Transformational Leadership Style
- Transactional Leadership Style
- Situational Leadership Style
This leadership style is often identified as the single most effective style.
The Transformational Leadership Style
The Transformational Leadership Style was first described during the late 1970s and later expanded upon by researcher _____________?
Bernard M. Bass
Some of the key characteristics of his style of leadership are the abilities to motivate and inspire followers and to direct positive changes in groups.
The Transformational Leadership Style
(Bernard M. Bass)
These leaders tend to be emotionally intelligent, energetic, and passionate.
Transformational leaders
They are not only committed to helping the organization achieve its goals, but also to helping group members fulfill their potential.
Transformational leaders
Research has revealed that this style of leadership resulted in higher performance and more improved group satisfaction than other leadership styles.
The Transformational Leadership Style
This style views the leader-follower relationship as a transaction.
transactional leadership
The transaction in transactional leadership style focuses on the follower completing required tasks in exchange for ?
monetary compensation
One of the main advantages of this leadership style is that it creates clearly defined roles.
Transactional Leadership Style
It also allows leaders to offer a great deal of supervision and direction if it’s needed.
Transactional Leadership Style
Group members may also be motivated to perform well to receive rewards.
Transactional Leadership Style
2 types of Situational Leadership Styles
- Hersey and Blanchard’s leadership styles
- Blanchard’s SLII leadership styles
Hersey and Blanchard’s model is one of the best- known situational theories.
(True or False)
True
First published in 1969, this model describes four primary styles of leadership, including:
telling style
selling style
participating style
delegating style
The _____ style is characterized by telling people what to do.
telling
The _____ style involves leaders convincing followers to buy into their ideas and messages.
selling
The _________ style is marked by allowing group members to take a more active role in the decision-making process.
participating
The __________ style involves taking a hands- off approach to leadership and allowing group members to make the majority of decisions.
delegating
Blanchard EXPANDED upon the original Hersey and Blanchard model to emphasize how the developmental and skill level of learners influences the style that should be used by leaders.
(True or False)
True
4 Primary Styles of Leadership
Telling
Selling
Participating
Delegating
4 Different Learning Styles
Directing
Coaching
Supporting
Delegating
The _______ style involves giving orders and expecting obedience but offers little in the way of guidance and assistance.
directing
The ______ style means giving lots of orders, but leaders also give lots of support.
coaching
The _______ style is an approach that offers plenty of help, but very little direction.
supporting
The ________ style is low in both direction and support.
delegating
Like most things, leadership is a highly multi- faceted subject, and it is a mixture of many factors that help determine why some people become great leaders.
(True or False)
True
