Theories of Crime Flashcards by Isabel staats

Crime Rates in the United States:

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Violent Crimes:
M__, non-negligent m__, forcible r__, aggravated a__, and r__.

Property Crimes:
B__, l__-theft, m__ vehicle theft, and a__.

murder, manslaughter, rape, assault, robbery

burglary, larceny-theft, motor, arson

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Crime rates are __ overall.

F__ (specifically h__) are the most popular weapon to murder with by far, followed by k__.

“In 2010, an estimated 1,246,248 violent crimes occurred nationwide, a decrease of _ percent from the 2009 estimate.

When considering 5- and 10-year trends, the 2010 estimated violent crime total was _._ percent below the 2006 level and _._ percent below the 2001 level.

decreasing

firearms, handguns, knives

6
13.2, 13.4

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Crime may be perceived to be occurring in e__ where it has not typically o__ before:

The w__
S__
Different c__

environments, occurred

workplace
schools
communities

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But causes of crime are of real interest.

There are multiple causes of crime:

A__ conditions
Early I__
D__ processes
M__ Factors

And these are of varying explanatory i__ according to various theories of c__.

antecedent
indicators
developmental
maintenance

importance, crime

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Theories of Crime:

S__ Theories:
~Generally focus on m__-level factors

B__ Theories:
~G__ and p__ characteristics

P__ Theories:
~I__ differences, p__ types

S__ P__Theories:
~Interaction between p__ and e__.

sociological, macro

biological, genetic, physical

psychological, individual, personality

social psychological
person, environment

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Sociological Theories of Crime:

Deemphasize individual d__:
-People have the same n__ and d__.

S__ class, S_ _, and O__ are the most important factors.
~Differences in these opportunities determine way people fulfill n__ and d__.

Two main types:
S__
S__

differences, needs, desires

social, SES, opportunity
needs, desires

subcultural
structural

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Sociological: Subcultural Explanations

G__ hold different v__ from dominant c__ and thus define “s__” differently

Similar to social psychological research on s__-e__ and d__-i__ with d__ that result in a l__ of self-esteem.
Also can have a v__-e__ function that e__ self-esteem as well.

groups, values, culture, success

self-esteem, dis-identification, domains, loss

value-expressive, enhances

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Sociological: Structural Explanations

Crime is:
A response to societal f__ in attainment of u__ sought g__.

R__ Crime Theory- makes sense e__:

Easy o__: sh__, em__
L__ business that r__ certain crimes
Preferred l__
O__ crime

frustration, universally, goals

rational, economically

opportunity, shoplifting, embezzlement

legitimate, requires

livelihood

organized

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Biological Theories:

Anatomical differences:
-Phrenology (the detailed study of the s__ and s__ of the cranium as a supposed indication of c__ and m__ abilities.)

C\_\_ theories (Sheldon)
-S\_\_:

E__ (obese/soft)
M__ (athletic/strong)- the p__ criminal type
E__ (tall, well developed brain)

shape, size, character, mental

constitutional
somatypes

endomorph
mesomorph, predominant
ectomorph

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Biological Theories:

Adoption studies – Studies in which the a__ child’s characteristics are compared to those of the b__ family and the a__ family.

Have found a g__ relationship to c__ behavior.

adopted, biological, adoptive

genetic, criminal

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5 Possible Inheritable Qualities:

C__ Predisposition

N__ abnormalities

A__ nervous system differences

P__ differences

P__ and t__ differences

constitutional

neuropsychological

autonomic

physiological

personality, temperament

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What Do We Do with Genetic Explanations?

Ignore e__ explanations?

D__ therapy?

S__?

Return to e__?

Mandatory s__ of “bad” gene carriers?
E__ “bad” gene holders?

Gene m__ and r__?

environmental

drug

surgery

eugenics, sterilization

euthanize

mapping, restructuring

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Psychological Theories:

P\_\_ Theories
C\_\_ T\_\_ Patterns
P\_\_
A\_\_ Personality Disorder
S\_\_

psychoanalytic

criminal thinking

psychopathy

antisocial

sociopathy

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Psychological Theories:

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud- compulsive need for p__ to alleviate g__ from an unresolved o__ stage.

Franz- r__ principal- unable to delay g__ due to f__ and s__ forces.

Bowlby- insufficient or frustrated a__ leads to s__ forms of g__.

Fromm- f__ makes many people i__ so they move to assert c__ through s__ mechanisms

punishment, guilt, oedipal

reality, gratification, family, social

attachment, substitute, gratification

freedom, insecure, control, societal

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Psychological Theories:

Personality/Criminal Thinking Patterns

Personality:
-N__

H__ (excessive attention-seeking emotions)
B__ (a personality disorder characterized by severe mood swings, impulsive behavior, and difficulty forming stable personal relationships.)

Criminal thinking patterns: there is a lot to this- they just think d__.

narcissism
histrionic
borderline

differently

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Psychological Theories:

Psychopaths

“callous disregard for the r__ of others and a propensity for p__ and v__ behaviors. Without remorse, psychopaths c__ and e__ others for their own g__.

They lack e__ and a sense of r__, and they m__, l__ and c__ others with no regard for anyone’s f__.” (Hare)

rights, predatory, violent

charm, exploit, gain

empathy, responsibility

manipulate, lie, con

feelings

Psychopathy Features:

Primary (character traits):
Gl\_\_/Su\_\_ Charm
Ma\_\_
Ca\_\_/Lack Em\_\_
No Re\_\_/Gu\_\_
Shallow Af\_\_
Gr\_\_ Sense of Self-worth

Secondary (behaviors):
Im\_\_
Ir\_\_
Failure to Accept Re\_\_
Pr\_\_ Sexual Behavior
Pathological Ly\_\_
Juvenile De\_\_

glibness/superficial
manipulative
callous/empathy
remorse/guilt
affect
grandiose

impulsivity
irresponsibility
responsibility 
promiscuous
lying
delinquency

Psychopathy Checklist:

Behaviors (Secondary) and Character Traits (Primary). __ in all. Each scored 0-2. Score of __ possible, >__=psychopathy.
(t__ approach)

Prison pop __., psychiatric institutions __..

Base rate in general population low, maybe _%.

Base rate in prison up to __ or __%

20, 40, 30

taxonometric

23.4, 20.6

40% or 50%

Unique Problems of the Psychopath:

Behavioral I__ System
Increased S__ Seeking
F__???

F__ Phenomenon:

Acquisition- S__ L__ Theory
Self-fulfilling P__
Self-Serving A__ Explanations
D__

inhibition
sensation
fearlessness

facilitating
social learning
prophecy
attributional
disidentification

The Psychopath’s Brain:

When non-psychopaths processed n__ emotional words (e.g., rape, death, cancer), activity in the l__ regions of the brain increased. For psychopaths there was l__ or n_ increased activity in these regions.

Curiously, however, there was increased activity in o__ areas. In short, the emotional word does not have the same l__ implication for p__ that it does for n__ people.

negative, limbic, little, no

other, limbic, psychopaths, normal

Psychopathy: An evolutionary advantage?

Dr. M__ R__ “views psychopathic behaviour as an evolved s__ strategy. She says that there’s not a lot of evidence to suggest that psychopaths are m__ i__ but there’s good reason to believe that their disturbing behaviour is an e__ trait. She says psychopaths have evolved to c__ in a particular environmental n__ – namely preying on the rest of s__. “

marnie rice

survival
mentally ill, evolved

capitalize, niche, society

Antisocial Personality Disorder: DSM IV Criteria (301.7)

Pervasive pattern of d__ of r__ of others since age __ ( _ or more indicators)

At least age __

Evidence of c__ disorder onset prior to age __.

Occurrence of a__ behavior not exclusive to periods of s__ or a m__ episode

disregard, rights, 15
3

conduct, 15

antisocial, schizophrenia, manic

ASPD Indicators:

Failure to c__ to social n__/l__ by r__ performing acts that are grounds for a__.

D__, conning for p__ or p__.

Im__

Reckless disregard for s__ (s__/o__)

Consistent ir__ (w__/o__)

Lack of r__ (i__ to, or r__ of behavior toward o__)

conform, norms/laws, repeatedly, arrest

deceitfulness, profit, pleasure

impulsivity

safety (self/other)

irresponsibility (work/obligations)

remorse, indifference, rationalizing, others

The Strange Middle Ground of the “Sociopath”

You won’t find “sociopath” in the D _ _ I _…

Nor will you find it in official ps__ no__…

Lykken distinguishes between the sociopath and the psychopath in that the sociopath is s__ into p__ while the psychopath is b__ that way

DSM IV

psychiatric nomenclature

socialized, psychopathy, born

Stout’s Take on Sociopathy (2005)-Defined by any _ of: ``` Eg__ Ca__ Im__ Co__ defect Exaggerated se__ Excessive bo__ ``` ``` R__ taking Inability to resist t__ An__ Deprecating attitude toward the o__ sex Lack of interest in b__ with a mate ```

3 ``` egocentricity callousness impulsivity conscience sexuality boasting ``` ``` risk temptation antagonistic opposite bonding ```

Four Sub-types of Sociopathy: Commons: characterized mostly by their lack of c__. Alienateds: by their inability to l__ or be l__. Aggressives: by a consistent s__ streak. Dyssocials: by an ability to a__ by gang rules, as long as those rules are the w__ rules

conscience love, loved sadistic abide, wrong

Social Psychological Theories: I__: Emphasize both the p__ and the e__ they are f__ by and o__ within. Really derive from social psychological study of s__. -our concept of who w_ a_ and it is INHERENTLY s__.

interactionist person, environment, formed, operate self we are, social

Not Quite Social Psychological: C__ Theories: - Assume a need to c__ - Emphasize need to control b__ by focusing on one’s perceptions of: ~E__ of others ~Reinforcement of c__ behavior ~Endorsement of prevailing n__

control control behavior expectations conventional norms

Importance of the Self: -Self c__ contains s__ for b__ normatively formed. ~E__ cues are also important though. - Self awareness: Things that make us more a__ of our s__ (like a m__, an a__ etc.) also make us more aware of the s__ we should be living up to. - Self esteem: Our e__/a__ toward who we a__ (or at least a__ to be)

concept, standards, behavior environmental aware, self, mirror, audience, standards evaluation/attitude, are, appear

Differential Association Approach: More p__ to be sure - Learned through i__. - Not only t__ is learned, but m__ and r__ as well. - Tipping point reached where p__ aspects of crime outweigh n__ aspects Differential Association Reinforcement Theory -Adds the aspect of r__ (aka o__ conditioning) to the above.

psychological interactions technique, motives, rationalizations positive, negative reinforcement, operant

Social Learning Theories: Studies of a__ that demonstrate that it, like many other behaviors is l__. Other p__ are one source of i__ about the s__. If aggression leads to p__ outcomes or an e__ from n__ ones, we’ll try to use it to get what we w__. Children i__ aggressive models

aggression, learned people, info, self positive, escape, negative, want imitate

Social Learning Theories: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Studies _ _: Adult model “plays” aggressively or not _ _: Aggression in children Compared to a control group, children who saw an adult behave aggressively toward the doll were: - More likely to display the s__ aggressive behavior - More likely to develop n__ ways of aggressing.

IV DV same novel

More Social Learning Theory: Abusive p__ are more likely to have been abused as c__. -kids who are s__ are more aggressive than kids who are n__. “Culture of h__” - a__ is an a__ way to defend one’s honor

parents, children spanked, not honor, aggression, acceptable,

Social Labeling Perspective: D__ is caused by l__ attached to b__. Once one is labeled a c__, they tend to a__ like one. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies -label creates e__ which elicit a__/r__ which then elicit a r__ that confirms the label.

deviance, labels, behaviors criminal, act expectations, actions/reactions, response

Social Labeling Theory:Related Concept: -S__ ~i__ Theory ~Can lead to m__ of stories that j__ behavior toward a g__. ~Can lead to r__ profiling

stereotyping image maintenance, justify, group racial

A Synthesis: Sociological Theories “People don’t kill people, s__, g__ and r__ structures do.” Biological Theories “It’s all about the b__ and h__.” Psychological Theories “Nope, people do kill people…. At least c__ k__ of people do.” Social Psychological Theories “Yeah, people do kill people, at least some people do, sometimes, when the c__ are perfectly right and they’ve been t__ (or t__) to.”

societies, governments, reward brain, hormones certain kinds conditions, taught, told

An i__ Model: No one factor explains it all… Antecedents: P__ B__ - genetic and brain differences P__ - Personality, intelligence, etc. E__ - Social class, family history, neighborhoods Early Indicators: Behavior is relatively s__. Ag__, bu__, co__ disorder Note: Violent a__ = violent k__ BUT violent k__ aren’t always violent a__. Developmental Processes - In__ factors Sc__, fa__, me__ Mo__, p__ pressure Al__, su__ abuse Maintenance Factors Short-term __, long term __ Bad e__ Long term costs kick in making r_-o__ more likely

integrative predispositions biological psychological environmental stable aggression, bullying, conduct adults=kids, kids, adults intensifying, schools, families, media, modeling, peer, alcohol substance rewards, costs environments re-offense