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Theories of Crime Flashcards

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1
Q

Crime Rates in the United States:

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Violent Crimes:
M__, non-negligent m__, forcible r__, aggravated a__, and r__.

Property Crimes:
B__, l__-theft, m__ vehicle theft, and a__.

A

murder, manslaughter, rape, assault, robbery

burglary, larceny-theft, motor, arson

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2
Q

Crime rates are __ overall.

F__ (specifically h__) are the most popular weapon to murder with by far, followed by k__.

“In 2010, an estimated 1,246,248 violent crimes occurred nationwide, a decrease of _ percent from the 2009 estimate.

When considering 5- and 10-year trends, the 2010 estimated violent crime total was _._ percent below the 2006 level and _._ percent below the 2001 level.
A

decreasing

firearms, handguns, knives

6
13.2, 13.4

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3
Q

Crime may be perceived to be occurring in e__ where it has not typically o__ before:

The w__
S__
Different c__

A

environments, occurred

workplace
schools
communities

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4
Q

But causes of crime are of real interest.

There are multiple causes of crime:

  • A__ conditions
  • Early I__
  • D__ processes
  • M__ Factors

And these are of varying explanatory i__ according to various theories of c__.

A

antecedent
indicators
developmental
maintenance

importance, crime

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5
Q

Theories of Crime:

S__ Theories:
~Generally focus on m__-level factors

B__ Theories:
~G__ and p__ characteristics

P__ Theories:
~I__ differences, p__ types

S__ P__Theories:
~Interaction between p__ and e__.

A

sociological, macro

biological, genetic, physical

psychological, individual, personality

social psychological
person, environment

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6
Q

Sociological Theories of Crime:

Deemphasize individual d__:
-People have the same n__ and d__.

S__ class, S_ _, and O__ are the most important factors.
~Differences in these opportunities determine way people fulfill n__ and d__.

Two main types:
S__
S__

A

differences, needs, desires

social, SES, opportunity
needs, desires

subcultural
structural

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7
Q

Sociological: Subcultural Explanations

G__ hold different v__ from dominant c__ and thus define “s__” differently

  • Similar to social psychological research on s__-e__ and d__-i__ with d__ that result in a l__ of self-esteem.
  • Also can have a v__-e__ function that e__ self-esteem as well.
A

groups, values, culture, success

self-esteem, dis-identification, domains, loss

value-expressive, enhances

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8
Q

Sociological: Structural Explanations

Crime is:
A response to societal f__ in attainment of u__ sought g__.

R__ Crime Theory- makes sense e__:

  • Easy o__: sh__, em__
  • L__ business that r__ certain crimes
  • Preferred l__
  • O__ crime
A

frustration, universally, goals

rational, economically

opportunity, shoplifting, embezzlement

legitimate, requires

livelihood

organized

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9
Q

Biological Theories:

Anatomical differences:
-Phrenology (the detailed study of the s__ and s__ of the cranium as a supposed indication of c__ and m__ abilities.)

C\_\_ theories (Sheldon)
-S\_\_:

E__ (obese/soft)
M__ (athletic/strong)- the p__ criminal type
E__ (tall, well developed brain)

A

shape, size, character, mental

constitutional
somatypes

endomorph
mesomorph, predominant
ectomorph

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10
Q

Biological Theories:

Adoption studies – Studies in which the a__ child’s characteristics are compared to those of the b__ family and the a__ family.

Have found a g__ relationship to c__ behavior.

A

adopted, biological, adoptive

genetic, criminal

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11
Q

5 Possible Inheritable Qualities:

C__ Predisposition

N__ abnormalities

A__ nervous system differences

P__ differences

P__ and t__ differences

A

constitutional

neuropsychological

autonomic

physiological

personality, temperament

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12
Q

What Do We Do with Genetic Explanations?

Ignore e__ explanations?

D__ therapy?

S__?

Return to e__?

  • Mandatory s__ of “bad” gene carriers?
  • E__ “bad” gene holders?

Gene m__ and r__?

A

environmental

drug

surgery

eugenics, sterilization

euthanize

mapping, restructuring

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13
Q

Psychological Theories:

P\_\_ Theories
C\_\_ T\_\_ Patterns
P\_\_
A\_\_ Personality Disorder
S\_\_
A

psychoanalytic

criminal thinking

psychopathy

antisocial

sociopathy

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14
Q

Psychological Theories:

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud- compulsive need for p__ to alleviate g__ from an unresolved o__ stage.

Franz- r__ principal- unable to delay g__ due to f__ and s__ forces.

Bowlby- insufficient or frustrated a__ leads to s__ forms of g__.

Fromm- f__ makes many people i__ so they move to assert c__ through s__ mechanisms

A

punishment, guilt, oedipal

reality, gratification, family, social

attachment, substitute, gratification

freedom, insecure, control, societal

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15
Q

Psychological Theories:

Personality/Criminal Thinking Patterns

Personality:
-N__

  • H__ (excessive attention-seeking emotions)
  • B__ (a personality disorder characterized by severe mood swings, impulsive behavior, and difficulty forming stable personal relationships.)

Criminal thinking patterns: there is a lot to this- they just think d__.

A

narcissism
histrionic
borderline

differently

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16
Q

Psychological Theories:

Psychopaths

“callous disregard for the r__ of others and a propensity for p__ and v__ behaviors. Without remorse, psychopaths c__ and e__ others for their own g__.

They lack e__ and a sense of r__, and they m__, l__ and c__ others with no regard for anyone’s f__.” (Hare)

A

rights, predatory, violent

charm, exploit, gain

empathy, responsibility

manipulate, lie, con

feelings

17
Q

Psychopathy Features:

Primary (character traits):
Gl\_\_/Su\_\_ Charm
Ma\_\_
Ca\_\_/Lack Em\_\_
No Re\_\_/Gu\_\_
Shallow Af\_\_
Gr\_\_ Sense of Self-worth
Secondary (behaviors):
Im\_\_
Ir\_\_
Failure to Accept Re\_\_
Pr\_\_ Sexual Behavior
Pathological Ly\_\_
Juvenile De\_\_
A 
glibness/superficial
manipulative
callous/empathy
remorse/guilt
affect
grandiose
impulsivity
irresponsibility
responsibility 
promiscuous
lying
delinquency
18
Q

Psychopathy Checklist:

Behaviors (Secondary) and Character Traits (Primary). __ in all. Each scored 0-2. Score of __ possible, >__=psychopathy.
(t__ approach)

Prison pop __., psychiatric institutions __..

Base rate in general population low, maybe _%.

Base rate in prison up to __ or __%

A

20, 40, 30

taxonometric

23.4, 20.6

1%

40% or 50%

19
Q

Unique Problems of the Psychopath:

  • Behavioral I__ System
  • Increased S__ Seeking
  • F__???

F__ Phenomenon:

  • Acquisition- S__ L__ Theory
  • Self-fulfilling P__
  • Self-Serving A__ Explanations
  • D__
A

inhibition
sensation
fearlessness

facilitating
social learning
prophecy
attributional
disidentification
20
Q

The Psychopath’s Brain:

When non-psychopaths processed n__ emotional words (e.g., rape, death, cancer), activity in the l__ regions of the brain increased. For psychopaths there was l__ or n_ increased activity in these regions.

Curiously, however, there was increased activity in o__ areas. In short, the emotional word does not have the same l__ implication for p__ that it does for n__ people.

A

negative, limbic, little, no

other, limbic, psychopaths, normal

21
Q

Psychopathy: An evolutionary advantage?

Dr. M__ R__ “views psychopathic behaviour as an evolved s__ strategy. She says that there’s not a lot of evidence to suggest that psychopaths are m__ i__ but there’s good reason to believe that their disturbing behaviour is an e__ trait. She says psychopaths have evolved to c__ in a particular environmental n__ – namely preying on the rest of s__. “

A

marnie rice

survival
mentally ill, evolved

capitalize, niche, society

22
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder: DSM IV Criteria (301.7)

Pervasive pattern of d__ of r__ of others since age __ ( _ or more indicators)

At least age __

Evidence of c__ disorder onset prior to age __.

Occurrence of a__ behavior not exclusive to periods of s__ or a m__ episode

A

disregard, rights, 15
3

18

conduct, 15

antisocial, schizophrenia, manic

23
Q

ASPD Indicators:

Failure to c__ to social n__/l__ by r__ performing acts that are grounds for a__.

D__, conning for p__ or p__.

Im__

Reckless disregard for s__ (s__/o__)

Consistent ir__ (w__/o__)

Lack of r__ (i__ to, or r__ of behavior toward o__)

A

conform, norms/laws, repeatedly, arrest

deceitfulness, profit, pleasure

impulsivity

safety (self/other)

irresponsibility (work/obligations)

remorse, indifference, rationalizing, others

24
Q

The Strange Middle Ground of the “Sociopath”

You won’t find “sociopath” in the D _ _ I _…

Nor will you find it in official ps__ no__…

Lykken distinguishes between the sociopath and the psychopath in that the sociopath is s__ into p__ while the psychopath is b__ that way

A

DSM IV

psychiatric nomenclature

socialized, psychopathy, born

25
Q

Stout’s Take on Sociopathy (2005)-Defined by any _ of:

Eg\_\_
 Ca\_\_
Im\_\_
Co\_\_ defect
 Exaggerated se\_\_
 Excessive bo\_\_
R\_\_ taking
Inability to resist t\_\_
 An\_\_
Deprecating attitude toward the o\_\_ sex
Lack of interest in b\_\_ with a mate
A

3

egocentricity
callousness
impulsivity
conscience
sexuality
boasting
risk
temptation
antagonistic 
opposite 
bonding
26
Q

Four Sub-types of Sociopathy:

Commons: characterized mostly by their lack of c__.

Alienateds: by their inability to l__ or be l__.

Aggressives: by a consistent s__ streak.

Dyssocials: by an ability to a__ by gang rules, as long as those rules are the w__ rules

A

conscience

love, loved

sadistic

abide, wrong

27
Q

Social Psychological Theories:

I__: Emphasize both the p__ and the e__ they are f__ by and o__ within.

Really derive from social psychological study of s__.
-our concept of who w_ a_ and it is INHERENTLY s__.

A

interactionist
person, environment, formed, operate

self
we are, social

28
Q

Not Quite Social Psychological:

C__ Theories:

  • Assume a need to c__
  • Emphasize need to control b__ by focusing on one’s perceptions of:

~E__ of others

~Reinforcement of c__ behavior

~Endorsement of prevailing n__

A

control

control

behavior

expectations

conventional

norms

29
Q

Importance of the Self:

-Self c__ contains s__ for b__ normatively formed.
~E__ cues are also important though.

  • Self awareness: Things that make us more a__ of our s__ (like a m__, an a__ etc.) also make us more aware of the s__ we should be living up to.
  • Self esteem: Our e__/a__ toward who we a__ (or at least a__ to be)
A

concept, standards, behavior
environmental

aware, self, mirror, audience, standards

evaluation/attitude, are, appear

30
Q

Differential Association Approach:

More p__ to be sure

  • Learned through i__.
  • Not only t__ is learned, but m__ and r__ as well.
  • Tipping point reached where p__ aspects of crime outweigh n__ aspects

Differential Association Reinforcement Theory
-Adds the aspect of r__ (aka o__ conditioning) to the above.

A

psychological

interactions

technique, motives, rationalizations

positive, negative

reinforcement, operant

31
Q

Social Learning Theories:

Studies of a__ that demonstrate that it, like many other behaviors is l__.
Other p__ are one source of i__ about the s__.

If aggression leads to p__ outcomes or an e__ from n__ ones, we’ll try to use it to get what we w__.

Children i__ aggressive models

A

aggression, learned

people, info, self

positive, escape, negative, want

imitate

32
Q

Social Learning Theories:

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Studies

_ _: Adult model “plays” aggressively or not
_ _: Aggression in children

Compared to a control group, children who saw an adult behave aggressively toward the doll were:

  • More likely to display the s__ aggressive behavior
  • More likely to develop n__ ways of aggressing.
A

IV

DV

same
novel

33
Q

More Social Learning Theory:

Abusive p__ are more likely to have been abused as c__.
-kids who are s__ are more aggressive than kids who are n__.

“Culture of h__” - a__ is an a__ way to defend one’s honor

A

parents, children
spanked, not

honor, aggression, acceptable,

34
Q

Social Labeling Perspective:

D__ is caused by l__ attached to b__.

Once one is labeled a c__, they tend to a__ like one.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
-label creates e__ which elicit a__/r__ which then elicit a r__ that confirms the label.

A

deviance, labels, behaviors

criminal, act

expectations, actions/reactions, response

35
Q

Social Labeling Theory:Related Concept:

-S__
~i__ Theory

~Can lead to m__ of stories that j__ behavior toward a g__.

~Can lead to r__ profiling

A

stereotyping
image

maintenance, justify, group

racial

36
Q

A Synthesis:

Sociological Theories
“People don’t kill people, s__, g__ and r__ structures do.”

Biological Theories
“It’s all about the b__ and h__.”

Psychological Theories
“Nope, people do kill people…. At least c__ k__ of people do.”

Social Psychological Theories
“Yeah, people do kill people, at least some people do, sometimes, when the c__ are perfectly right and they’ve been t__ (or t__) to.”

A

societies, governments, reward

brain, hormones

certain kinds

conditions, taught, told

37
Q

An i__ Model:

No one factor explains it all…

Antecedents: P__
B__ - genetic and brain differences
P__ - Personality, intelligence, etc.
E__ - Social class, family history, neighborhoods

Early Indicators: Behavior is relatively s__.
Ag__, bu__, co__ disorder
Note: Violent a__ = violent k__ BUT violent k__ aren’t always violent a__.

Developmental Processes - In__ factors
Sc__, fa__, me__
Mo__, p__ pressure
Al__, su__ abuse

Maintenance Factors
Short-term __, long term __
Bad e__
Long term costs kick in making r_-o__ more likely

A

integrative

predispositions
biological
psychological
environmental

stable
aggression, bullying, conduct

adults=kids, kids, adults

intensifying, schools, families, media, modeling, peer, alcohol substance

rewards, costs
environments
re-offense

Psych and Law (14 decks)

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