Evaluation of Criminal Suspects Flashcards
Profiling of Criminal Suspects:
Aka: Cr__ In__ Analysis
A general psychological de__ of the most likely “ty__” of suspect
Used to fo__ an investigation
criminal investigative analysis
description, type
focus
6 Steps in Criminal Profiling:
- Profiling in__:
Ph__ evidence, crime scene ph__, au__ report, victim in__, po__ reports - De__ process model:
What ty__ of crime, what mo__, ri__ (both victim and assailant), cr__ location, bo__ location, length of ti__ of crime - Crime as__
-Reconstruct be__ of vi__ and at__
~Or__ or di__
~Int__/pla__ vs imp__/psy__
~Attempts to mis__
inputs
physical, photos, autopsy, info, police
decision
type, motive, risk, crime, body, time
assessment behavior, victim, attacker organized, disorganized intelligence/planning vs. impulsivity/psychotic mislead
6 Steps in Criminal Profiling:
- Cr__ profile
- Formulate initial de__
- Check against data gathered in step _. - In__
- Provide re__
- Re__ as necessary - Ap__
- Va__ profile and a__ knowledge to de__ pr__ model (step _)
criminal
description
2
investigation
report
revise
apprehension
validate, add, decision process, 2
Criminal Profiling:
Kn__ about cr__ behavior can’t hurt.
Care must be taken not to rely too he__ on pr__ only.
Evidence is mi__ and much more work must be do__.
Sk__ is key!!!
knowledge, criminal
heavily, profile
mixed, done
skepticism
Profile Gone Wrong!
29 child victims around A__
Different “signatures” indicated a lack of co__ or pa__.
Detlinger suggested the pattern was ge__- no one listened.
Initial profile: w__ male in 30s-40s.
Question: How could a w__ male circulate in an all B__ community and go un__?
Atlanta, connections, patterns
geographic
white
white, black, unnoticed
Lie Detection:
Non-mechanical techniques
-Channels of co__: wo__, fa__, bo__, vo__.
Research on am__ lie detection: no better than ch__.
- “Ex__” no better than the rest of u_.
- Most rely on st__ signals that are in__.
Illusion of tr__: we think our in__ states are more evident to ot__ than they ac__ are
communication
words, face, body, voice
amateur, chance
experts, us
stereotypical, incorrect
transparency, inner, others, actually
The Polygraph:
A mechanical instrument that records ph__ ar__ from multiple channels.
-Assumes that when people l__, they do so in me__ ways.
Three main channels of measurement:
- Bl__ volume and pu__ rate
- Re__ rate and depth
- Sk__ conductance
Measures ph__ ar__, nothing else!
physiological arousal
lie, measurable
blood, pulse
respiration
skin
physiological arousal
Polygraph Procedures:
Re__/ir__ procedure
Problem: merely being a su__ will evoke “gu__” pattern
Co__ question test
Ask about cr__ as well as “kn__ lies” which only the in__ will be aroused by.
Di__ lie test
Suspect asked to lie for ce__ questions to establish a “lie re__” pattern
Gu__ knowledge test
Detects not l__ but “things only the cr__ would know”
relevant/irrelevant
suspect, guilty
control
crime, known, innocent
directed, certain, response
guilty
lies, criminal
Problems with the Polygraph:
Who knows the “c__” answers?
-No gr__ truth
Rate of false positives: __-__%
Rate of false negatives: __.__-__%
-L__ studies do not have the same im__ to participants
National Research Council (2003) flatly declared the polygraph b__ science.
correct
ground
18-55
11.5-23
lab, importance
bad
Legal Status of the Polygraph:
Generally NOT ad__
Fails the F__ standard (not generally ac__ in the sc__ community)
If b__ sides agree to use of the polygraph results as ev__, it is admissible in __ states
New wave in lie-detection: br__ and vo__ measures
admissible, Frye, accepted, scientific
both, evidence, 20
brain, voice
A Harvard Symposium (2007):
One study, done at Temple University in 2004, found that lying activated __ as many areas of the brain as telling the truth did.
No Lie MRI Inc., is already marketing the f_ _ _ as a new-wave polygraph, and has one testing center in C__.
twice
fMRI, California
Downsides to fMRi for polygraph:
Studies also don’t take into account known co__ for defeating the fMRI, like performing mental ar__ - or simply fi__ (as little as _mm of movement can play havoc with results).
The ne__ circuitry highlighted in fMRI imaging can be altered by a subject’s em__ and even mental im__ (Phelps)
According to No Lie, measures _NS rather than _NS arousal.
Ar__ is still being measured, not de__.
countermeasures, arithmetic, fidgeting, 3
neural, emotions, imagery
CNS, PNS
arousal, deception
Closing Thoughts on Lie Detection:
Vo__ stress analysis has as ma__ or mo__ detractors than polygraphs.
Best use of polygraph: as a p__ in the e__ investigation stages
voice, many, more
prop, early
Meta-analysis of Deception Detection Studies:
It turns out that the average person is only m__ good at detecting deception and that e__ do not seem to be much b__.
In a recent meta-analysis, researchers looked at over 200 studies that had tested the ability of almost 25,000 people to detect deception (Bond & DePaulo, 2006).
moderately, expert, better
Interrogation Techniques and the More Subtle “Rubber Hose”:
1) Confront suspect with gu__
2) Develop “themes” that ju__/ex__ crime
3) In__ statements of denial/innocence
4) Ov__ objections to charges
5) Keep suspect from tu__ ou_
6) Show sy__ and un__
7) Offer suspect “fa_-sa__” explanation
8) Get suspect to recount de__ of the cr__.
9) Convert st__ to wr__ confession
Dr. Richard Leo (1996) found that detectives use an average of _ to _ of these tactics per suspect over an observational study of 186 video taped interrogations.
guilt
justify/excuse
interrupt
overcome
tuning out
sympathy, understanding
face-saving
details, crime
statement, written
5, 6
