Evaluation of Criminal Suspects Flashcards
Profiling of Criminal Suspects:
Aka: Cr__ In__ Analysis
A general psychological de__ of the most likely “ty__” of suspect
Used to fo__ an investigation
criminal investigative analysis
description, type
focus
6 Steps in Criminal Profiling:
- Profiling in__:
Ph__ evidence, crime scene ph__, au__ report, victim in__, po__ reports - De__ process model:
What ty__ of crime, what mo__, ri__ (both victim and assailant), cr__ location, bo__ location, length of ti__ of crime - Crime as__
-Reconstruct be__ of vi__ and at__
~Or__ or di__
~Int__/pla__ vs imp__/psy__
~Attempts to mis__
inputs
physical, photos, autopsy, info, police
decision
type, motive, risk, crime, body, time
assessment behavior, victim, attacker organized, disorganized intelligence/planning vs. impulsivity/psychotic mislead
6 Steps in Criminal Profiling:
- Cr__ profile
- Formulate initial de__
- Check against data gathered in step _. - In__
- Provide re__
- Re__ as necessary - Ap__
- Va__ profile and a__ knowledge to de__ pr__ model (step _)
criminal
description
2
investigation
report
revise
apprehension
validate, add, decision process, 2
Criminal Profiling:
Kn__ about cr__ behavior can’t hurt.
Care must be taken not to rely too he__ on pr__ only.
Evidence is mi__ and much more work must be do__.
Sk__ is key!!!
knowledge, criminal
heavily, profile
mixed, done
skepticism
Profile Gone Wrong!
29 child victims around A__
Different “signatures” indicated a lack of co__ or pa__.
Detlinger suggested the pattern was ge__- no one listened.
Initial profile: w__ male in 30s-40s.
Question: How could a w__ male circulate in an all B__ community and go un__?
Atlanta, connections, patterns
geographic
white
white, black, unnoticed
Lie Detection:
Non-mechanical techniques
-Channels of co__: wo__, fa__, bo__, vo__.
Research on am__ lie detection: no better than ch__.
- “Ex__” no better than the rest of u_.
- Most rely on st__ signals that are in__.
Illusion of tr__: we think our in__ states are more evident to ot__ than they ac__ are
communication
words, face, body, voice
amateur, chance
experts, us
stereotypical, incorrect
transparency, inner, others, actually
The Polygraph:
A mechanical instrument that records ph__ ar__ from multiple channels.
-Assumes that when people l__, they do so in me__ ways.
Three main channels of measurement:
- Bl__ volume and pu__ rate
- Re__ rate and depth
- Sk__ conductance
Measures ph__ ar__, nothing else!
physiological arousal
lie, measurable
blood, pulse
respiration
skin
physiological arousal
Polygraph Procedures:
Re__/ir__ procedure
Problem: merely being a su__ will evoke “gu__” pattern
Co__ question test
Ask about cr__ as well as “kn__ lies” which only the in__ will be aroused by.
Di__ lie test
Suspect asked to lie for ce__ questions to establish a “lie re__” pattern
Gu__ knowledge test
Detects not l__ but “things only the cr__ would know”
relevant/irrelevant
suspect, guilty
control
crime, known, innocent
directed, certain, response
guilty
lies, criminal
Problems with the Polygraph:
Who knows the “c__” answers?
-No gr__ truth
Rate of false positives: __-__%
Rate of false negatives: __.__-__%
-L__ studies do not have the same im__ to participants
National Research Council (2003) flatly declared the polygraph b__ science.
correct
ground
18-55
11.5-23
lab, importance
bad
Legal Status of the Polygraph:
Generally NOT ad__
Fails the F__ standard (not generally ac__ in the sc__ community)
If b__ sides agree to use of the polygraph results as ev__, it is admissible in __ states
New wave in lie-detection: br__ and vo__ measures
admissible, Frye, accepted, scientific
both, evidence, 20
brain, voice
A Harvard Symposium (2007):
One study, done at Temple University in 2004, found that lying activated __ as many areas of the brain as telling the truth did.
No Lie MRI Inc., is already marketing the f_ _ _ as a new-wave polygraph, and has one testing center in C__.
twice
fMRI, California
Downsides to fMRi for polygraph:
Studies also don’t take into account known co__ for defeating the fMRI, like performing mental ar__ - or simply fi__ (as little as _mm of movement can play havoc with results).
The ne__ circuitry highlighted in fMRI imaging can be altered by a subject’s em__ and even mental im__ (Phelps)
According to No Lie, measures _NS rather than _NS arousal.
Ar__ is still being measured, not de__.
countermeasures, arithmetic, fidgeting, 3
neural, emotions, imagery
CNS, PNS
arousal, deception
Closing Thoughts on Lie Detection:
Vo__ stress analysis has as ma__ or mo__ detractors than polygraphs.
Best use of polygraph: as a p__ in the e__ investigation stages
voice, many, more
prop, early
Meta-analysis of Deception Detection Studies:
It turns out that the average person is only m__ good at detecting deception and that e__ do not seem to be much b__.
In a recent meta-analysis, researchers looked at over 200 studies that had tested the ability of almost 25,000 people to detect deception (Bond & DePaulo, 2006).
moderately, expert, better
Interrogation Techniques and the More Subtle “Rubber Hose”:
1) Confront suspect with gu__
2) Develop “themes” that ju__/ex__ crime
3) In__ statements of denial/innocence
4) Ov__ objections to charges
5) Keep suspect from tu__ ou_
6) Show sy__ and un__
7) Offer suspect “fa_-sa__” explanation
8) Get suspect to recount de__ of the cr__.
9) Convert st__ to wr__ confession
Dr. Richard Leo (1996) found that detectives use an average of _ to _ of these tactics per suspect over an observational study of 186 video taped interrogations.
guilt
justify/excuse
interrupt
overcome
tuning out
sympathy, understanding
face-saving
details, crime
statement, written
5, 6
In the case of People v. Muratalla, Dr. Richard Leo suggested that the defendant’s co__ to search may have been given as the result of improper police qu__ techniques.
The Court of Appeals decision stated that “Leo opined that threatening to ar__ a suspect’s girlfriend or to have the suspect’s child re__ in order to gain access to the suspect’s residence would qualify as co__ threats.
consent, questioning
arrest, removed, coercive
Elements that should be given careful consideration:
- The suspect’s co__ at the time of the interrogation
a. Ph__ condition (including dr__/al__ intoxication)
b. Me__capacity
c. Ps__ condition - The suspects a__
- The suspect’s prior experience with l__ en__
- The suspect’s understanding of the la__
- The le__ of the interrogation
- The degree of de__ provided by the suspect in his confession
- The extent of cor__ between the con__ and the cr__
- The presence of wit__ to the interrogation and confession
- The suspect’s be__ during the interrogation
- The effort to address the suspect’s physical ne__.
- The presence of any im__ interrogation techniques
condition
physical, drug/alcohol
mental
psychological
age
law enforcement
language
length
detail
corroboration, confession, crime
witnesses
behavior
needs
improper
Are Confessions Important to Juries?
Kassin & Neumann (1997)
Ss read case with a co__, ey__testimony, and ch__ testimony presented in random order.
Ss gave gu__ judgments on a response dial at certain points in the trial.
Responses after the confession evidence were __.
Confession evidence has stronger impact on jurors than ey__ or ch__ testimony; more likely to find defendant g__.
confession, eyewitness, character
guilt
highest
eyewitness, character, guilty
Why Exclude Coerced Confessions?
Their use might offend co__ standards of fa__ play and de__.
Exclusion might help reduce police bru__ and other undue pre__ in interrogations
They are un__…
community, fair, decency
brutality, pressures
untrustworthy
Coerced Confessions: the Central Park J__.
-4/19/89: 28 year old Trisha Meili was violently assaulted and raped.
5 youths were arrested, all were interrogated, _ of the 5 signed confessions.
Although within weeks they all recanted their confessions citing coercion, they were co__.
In 2002, a convicted rapist , admitted to the attack and DNA evidence was obtained. He was the s__ attacker.
In Dec. 2002, their convictions were all vacated
jogger
4
convicted
sole
Three Types of False Confessions:
Vo__ – to pr__ others or for no__
Coerced-co__ – gives in to escape ba__ situation, co__ with authorities
Coerced-in__ – internalization can lead in__ suspects to believe they are actually gu__(inadvertent hy__?)
voluntary, protect, notoriety
compliant, bad, comply
internalized, innocent, guilty
hypnosis
Contributing Causes of Wrongful Convictions:
1) Ey__ misidentification
2) Unvalidated/Improper for__
3) False con__/ad__
4) Inf__/Sni__
eyewitness
forensics
confessions/admissions
informants/snitches
Jurors and Confession Evidence:
Saul Kassin: people have little in__ access about how they are inf__ by confessions.
Especially true when police use “p__ pressures” (promises of le__)
- Jurors vote guilty even when they know the confession is in__
- Offers of le__ seem like a weak ind__ to confess (compared to pu__)
introspective, influenced
positive, leniency
involuntary
leniency, inducement, punishment
Inadmissible Confessions:
Can jurors disregard them?
Kassin & Sukel (1997)
Two confession conditions: low or high pressure tactics
½ of Ss heard a confession that was al__
½ of Ss heard same confession, but later ruled in__ (“jury will dis__”)
Conviction rates were the __ (47%) regardless of ad__
Jurors said the co__ didn’t influence their verdicts (Judge’s instructions about coercion don’t help).
-Arguments about the un__ of the interrogation don’t work either even though ss say they’re influenced by the arguments.
allowed
inadmissible, disregard
same, admissibility
confession
unfairness
Why can’t jurors take coercion into consideration?
Fu__ At__ Error:
- Occurs au__ when evaluating ot__’ behavior
- We believe behavior is due to st__, int__ factors in the person (dis__ factors)
- We do not give enough importance to the sit__ pressures on the be__ (situational factors)
fundamental attribution
automatically, others
stable, internal, dispositional
situational, behavior
Videotaping Interrogations:
Conducted 12 studies on how mock jurors evaluate confessions on videotape
Manipulates camera focus: on the s__ only, or on both s__ and in__
Results: confessions seem more vo__, suspects judged more gu__ when the focus is on th__.
The camera focus actually reinforces the fu__ at__ error, it doesn’t re__ it!
suspect, suspect, interrogator
voluntary, guilty, them
fundamental attribution, remove
Much of what is considered “good” f\_\_ evidence has not been validated sc\_\_: Bl\_\_ Fi\_\_ Ba\_\_ Fi\_\_?
forensic, scientifically
blood
fibers
ballistics
fingerprints
