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Psychology of Victims Flashcards

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1
Q

Measuring Victimization:

Both UCR and NCVS provide good estimates but they tap d__ things.

National Crime Victimization Study (NCVS) measures both r__ and u__ victimization

Uniform Crime Rates (UCR) is designed to give feedback to l__ e__ (submitted to FBI by law enforcement agencies) - the NCVS is a s__

A

different

reported, unreported

law enforcement, supplement

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2
Q

Reporting Rates:

Crimes are un__.

2002 - __% of violent crimes and __% of property crimes were reported.

Crimes against __ more likely to be reported than crimes against __.

A

underreported

49, 40

women, men

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3
Q

Levels of Victimization:

2002: __ million victimizations

Violent crime: 7.4 million (2011: 5.8 million)

Rape - 1.5 per 1000 persons (.9 per 1000)
-6.9/1000 involved an offender with a weapon (4.6/1000)

Property crime: 18.5 million (17.1 million)

A

23

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4
Q

Murders: 15,980 in 2001

Most victims (__%) and offenders (__%) are m__.

Most (__%) know their killer
Majority (__%) involved a firearm.

A

75, 90, male

76

67

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5
Q

No statistically significant change occurred in the rate of v__ crime from 2014 (. victimizations per 1,000) to 2015 (. per 1,000).„„

No statistically significant change was detected in the percentages of violent crime r__ to police from 2014 (__%) to 2015 (__%).

The rate of p__ crime decreased from __ victimizations per 1,000 households in 2014 to __ per 1,000 in 2015.

A

violent, 20.1, 18.6

reported, 46, 47

property, 118, 110

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6
Q

In 2015, .% of all persons age __ or older (2.7 million persons) experienced at least one v__ victimization.

The prevalence rate of violent victimization declined from .% of all persons age 12 or older in __ to .% in __.

A
  1. 98, 12, violent

1. 11, 2014, 0.98, 2015

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7
Q

‘Hate Crime’ Defined:

The Hate Crime Statistics Act defines hate crimes as those “that manifest evidence of p__ based on r__, g__ or gender i__, re__, di__, se__ orientation, or et__.”

A

prejudice, race, gender, identity, religion, disability, sexual, ethnicity

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8
Q

Hate Crimes and Victimization:

The case of Ma__ Sh__:
Beaten with a r__ and left for dead tied to a f__ post.

F__-f__ states now have hate crime laws.

What does this do beyond charging someone for m__?

A

matthew, shepard
revolver, fence

forty-five

murder

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9
Q

Sexual Harassment:

Term didn’t exist until __

Estimates of incidence are usually from s__:

20,000 federal employees: __%

Female lawyers in large law firms: __%

Female graduate students: __%

A

1974

surveys

42%

43%

60%

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10
Q

Defining Sexual Harassment:

Civil Rights Act of __, Title V_
Provides legal basis of o__ it.

Lots of c__ and d__ about what constitutes sexual harassment.

United States Eq__ Em__ Op__ Co__ (EEOC)
-Major force in d__ and e__

A

1965, V11, outlawing

confusion, debate

equal employment opportunity commission

definition, enforcement

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11
Q

EEOC Definition of Sexual Harassment:

Un__ sexual a__, ve__ or ph__ conduct when:
-Acceptance is co__/te__ of e__.
~Either i__ of e__.

-Su__ is used to make employment de__.

-It reasonably in__ with work, or creates in__, ho__ or of__ work environment.
~Whether this is the i__ or not.

A

unwelcome, advances, verbal, physical

condition/term, employment
implicit, explicit

submission, decisions

interferes, intimidating, hostile, offensive

intention

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12
Q

Sexual Harassment: What Do the Courts Say?

Two types:

Qu__ pr_ qu_: Sexual de__ in exchange for employment be__.
-Sexual co__.

Ho\_\_ wo\_\_ harassment: 
-Includes both g\_\_ harassment and un\_\_ attention.
~Focus is on how harassment affects w\_\_.
~Fr\_\_ and se\_\_ are taken into account.
~Is\_\_ incidents do not qualify
A

quid pro quo, demands, benefits
coercion

hostile workplace
gender, unwanted
workplace
frequency, severity
isolated
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13
Q

Sexual Harassment: Psychological Contribution

Focus on p__ when it will o__
- Pryor and colleagues:

Some men are more l__ to harass than others:
-High scores on L__ to Se__ Ha__ scale are associated with:
~More acceptance of myths about r__.
~More co__ sexual fantasies
~More st__ beliefs about ma__ sex roles
~Strong needs to do__ women and seek se__ contact.

A

predicting, occur

likely

likelihood, sexually, harass 
rape
coercive
stereotypical, male
dominate, sexual
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14
Q

Sexual Harassment: Environments also impact

Some en__ make sexual harassment more li__ to occur.
-Affect n__ about appropriate b__.
~i.e. Se__ oriented entertainment at of__ parties or fu__.
~Pl__ hanging on fa__walls.

-In general, environments that encourage ob__ of women or pr__ sexual harassment motives.
~Men who are already pr__ to do so are more likely to a__ o__ in these places.

A

environments, likely

norms, behavior

sexually, office, functions
playboys, factory

objectification, prime
predisposed, act out

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15
Q

Battered Women:

Incidence of battery: Walker, 1992

/ - / of American women are a__ at some point.

Domestic violence is as likely to be f__ on m__ as m__ on f__.
-Men inflict more d__ though.

Women are . times more likely to be killed by their p__ than by a s__.

A

1/2, 1/3, abused

female, male
male, female
damage

3.7, partner, stranger

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16
Q

Myths about battered women:

They’re ma__

They pr__ assaults

They get what they de__

They’re free to le__ at any time

Violence isn’t that co__

Men who are not violent with ot__ aren’t violent with their sp__ either

Only a low S _ _/mi__ problem

They’re pa__, never try to de__themselves

Clear majority of adults subscribe to s__ and / endorse mo__!

A

masochists

provoke

deserve

leave

common

others, spouses

SES/minority

passive, defend

some, 1/3, most

17
Q

Cycle of Violence:

Early on batterers are at__, lo__.

Te__ building phase:
Di__ or di__ occurs
-Increased cr__ of partner
-Sometimes m__ physical assault.

Ac__ battering incident:
S__ abuse

Co__ Phase: Ap__ for attack, promises to re__

A

attentive, loving

tension
disappointment, disagreement
criticism
minor

acute
serious

contrit
apologizes, reform

18
Q

Perceptions of Victims:

Often met with deep un__, or even ho__.

Seen as do__, “de__ al__”.

Often ch__ with, and found gu__ of, s__ crimes if they re__.

  • Only a small minority k__ their mates
  • If tried most claim either in__ or se__-de__.
A

uneasiness, hostility

doormats, delusional alarmists

charged, guilty, serious, retaliate

kill

insanity, self-defense

19
Q

Battered Woman Syndrome:

Collection of symptoms and reactions

  • Sense of learned he__
  • Increasing do__ by batterer - socially is__ and economically de__.

More and more fe__.
-Most believe that batterer will eventually k__ them.

Shattered S__ E__, gu__, sh__, ra__, re__.

Finally, hy__
-Notice su__ things that signal upcoming vi__.

A

helplessness

domination, isolated, dependent

fearful, kill

self esteem, guilt, shame, rage, resentment

hypervigilance, subtle, violence

20
Q

Killing: Is it a good defense?

Without a doubt, _!
-Most women who kill abusive partners are co__.

-Hard to make s__-d__ claim
~Typically requires an immediate ph__ threat
~At time of killing, many batterers are un__, or even as__.

A

no
convicted

self-defense
physical
unarmed, asleep

21
Q

Child Abuse:

Hard to estimate incidence:

Some claim / - / of all women and / of all men were sexually abused before __.

1/5 children experience an i__ as a result of abuse

__ children die as a result of abuse each year - __% of them are killed by their parents

A

1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 18

injury

1500, 80

22
Q

Consequences of Child Abuse:

Di\_\_effects (sh\_\_ term):
-Abused children experience
increased m\_\_ and an\_\_ disorders.
-Inappropriate se\_\_ behavior
-Impaired sc\_\_ performance
L\_\_ term effects:
Abused children are more likely to:
-Develop m\_\_ disorders
-Suffer su\_\_ victimization
-Engage in cr\_\_ conduct as ad\_\_
A

direct, short
mood, anxiety
sexual
school

long
mental
subsequent
criminal, adults

23
Q

Psychology of Rape:

As with battered women, myths abound:

  • Women cannot be raped against their w__.
  • Women secretly w__ to be raped.
  • Most accusations of rape are f__.

Due to the o_-on-o_ nature of the event and the confusion about how it’s de__, the victim is subject to great sc__.

A

will

want

fixed

one-one, defined, scrutiny

24
Q

Incidence of rape:

US has highest in in__ world
-__ - __ for every 100,000 females.

In addition, these are probably only a s__ portion of the rapes that actually occur - they are often un__.
-Maybe as low as / or / of total

Go unreported for a v__ of reasons

Y__ are more likely to be victims

A

industrialized
75-85

small, unreported
1/5, 1/10

variety

young

25
Q

Effects for Victims:

Ra__ Tr__ Syndrome

Em__ responses:
-Fe__, gu__, sh__, bl__, loss of au__ and control over bo__, lack of tr__.

Disturbance in Fu__:
-Changes in sl__ and ea__ patterns, social wi__, problems in se__ functioning.

Changes in li__:
-Obsessive ch__ behavior, major li__ changes, more likely to lose j__ or in__, and get di__.

A

rape trauma

emotional
fear, guilt, shame, blaming, autonomy, body, trust

functioning
sleeping, eating, withdrawal, sexual

lifestyle
checking, life, job, income, divorced

26
Q

Legislation and Court Decisions:

Basic Definition: N__-co__ se__ contact by fo__ or co__.

Until 1\_\_’s:
- _/_ states imposed resistance standard
~If vi\_\_ didn’t reasonably re\_\_, it wasn’t ra\_\_.
~Didn’t distinguish different de\_\_.
~States didn’t recognize sp\_\_ rape.
A

non-consenting, sexual, force, coercion

1980's
4/5
victim, resist, rape
degrees
spousal
27
Q

Rape Sh__ Laws:

Provide victims with more pr__.

  • A__ states have them
  • Typically prohibit inquiries about defendants sexual p__ except for s__ circumstances

In reality, rape victims are still subjected to intense sc__ by la__, ju__ and ju__.

A

shield

protection

all

past, special

scrutiny, lawyers, judges, jurors

28
Q

Effect of Victim’s Past Sexual History:

Studied rape laws and developed a study to test whether what some jurisdictions classified as prejudicial really was.
_ _: Type of I__ presented about v__.
_ _: Co__ of de__

Results: R__ states were right - mock jurors were less likely to convict when they heard evidence about p__ sexual history

A

IV, info, victim

DV, conviction, defendant

restrictive, past

29
Q

Jurors’ reactions to rape victims:

Mock jurors who are low in em__ for rape victims rate attacker less re__.

Also tend to in__ facts differently

A

empathy, responsible

interpret

30
Q

Acquaintance Rape:

/ of rape are committed by someone the victim kn__.
-Least likely to be re__.

Differ from st__ assault

  • Tend to occur on we__, late in ev__.
  • Tend to involve situations in which the victim or attacker have been using d__ and a__
  • Less likely to involve we__ - attackers rely on ve__ threats and ph__ prowess.
  • Also associated with dates in re__ locations, or when male pa__ all expenses
A

3/4, knows
reported

stranger
weekends, evening
drugs, alcohol
weapons, verbal, physical
remote, paid
31
Q

Post-victimization Disorders

Ac__ Str__ Disorder:

Di__ syptoms:
-Sense of nu__, de__, absence of em__, reduction of aw__.

  • Persistent r_-e__ of tr__ event.
  • An__ and/or increased ar__.

-Impairment of ability to co__ necessary tasks
Lasts _ days to _ weeks after event.

A

acute stress

dissociative, numbing, detachment, emotion, awareness

re-experience, traumatic

anxiety, arousal

complete, 2, 4

32
Q

Post-victimization Disorders
Po__ Tr__ Stress Disorder

May experience intense gu__ from su__ when others did n__.

Phobic av__ of situations that resemble or symbolize original tr__.

Impaired affect mo__.

Feelings of ho__, de__, ho__.

Increased risk of ph__: So__, ob__ compulsive disorder, ag__, su__ related disorders.

A

post traumatic

guilt, surviving, not

avoidance, trauma

modulation

hopelessness, despair, hostility

phobia, social, obsessive, agoraphobia, substance

33
Q

“Contributing” Disorders to Violence:

A__ S__ P__ D__

Ps__

Bo__ Personality Disorder (up to __% of batterers display some symptoms – Dutton, 2000)

Na__

A

anti social personality disorder

psychopathy

borderline, 40

narcissism

Psych and Law (14 decks)

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