Crime Investigation: Witnesses Flashcards by Isabel staats

Witnesses as aResource:

Id__ of su__(s)
Re__ of the crime
Affects decisions to q__/a__.
Affects decisions to p__.
Affects decisions for which c__ to prosecute.
Affects readiness to p__ b__.

Identification, suspects
recounting

question/arrest

prosecute

crime

plea bargain

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Faces™ 4.0 for Law EnforcementEf__. Af__ and Ea__ to use.

effective, affordable, easy

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Two Separate (but related) Issues Concerning Witnesses:

General M__ for e__:
-Can draw from b__ psychological research on m__.

Ey__ Id__:
-Much more s__ evidence from p__ and l__ research

memory, events
basic, memory

eyewitness identification
specific, psych, law

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To R__, We Must First P__:

N__- stimuli that are n__ more readily attract attention

M__- stimuli that m__ more readily attract attention

I__ to s__- stimuli that has i__ for the s__ attract more attention.

These are basic p__ phenomenon that have a__ value to a__ and h__.

remember, perceive

novelty, novel

movement, move

importance, self, implications, self

perceptual, adaptive, animals, humans

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Perception D__: The weapons focus effect:

Weapons-focus effect- Loftus (87) tracked e__ movements of participants watching characters in a bank- g__ vs. c__- net i__ of ability to i__ person with __.

Further, Pickel et al 2003 demonstrated that a w__ interfered with a__
comprehension.

diminished

eye, gun, checkbook, impairment, identify, gun

weapon, auditory

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Perception Diminished: Ch__ bl__.

-demonstrated in video of two women talking in which many elements change, such as the removal of a scarf, but go unnoticed to most viewers.

change blindness

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M__ as part of the p__ process:

cognitive ou__/be__–>

go__/mo__/em__–>

selective at__/co__–>

en__/si__/el__->

st__ and re__——>

back to beginning and loops

memory, perceptual

output/behavior

goals/motivation/emotion

attention/comprehension

encoding/simplification/elaboration

storage, retrieval

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Psychological Research of Memory:

Long history of memory research- since the l__ 1__s

Key findings: Memory is constructive meaning that it is c__ or c__ rather than simply r__. (and reconstructive: memories that a__ or o__ details that were not part of an o__ event..) process.

No f__ d__
No _ _ _ tape
Very few “p__ memories”

late, 1800’s

constructed, created, recorded

add, omit, original

file drawer
VHS
photographic

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General Memory Effects:

A__ to remembrances
R__ from remembrances

~At the heart of this is implications of a remembrance for the s__.

~And the need to make things f__ into existing r__/c__ structures.

additions

removals

self

fit, remembrances/cognitive

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Memory Distortion at 3 Possible Phases of Memory:

En__:

S__ effects
N__

St__:

D__
Incorporation of new “p__ event” i__.
Use s__ to fill in the b__.

Re__:

Not always e__ or a s__ thing
S__ confusion
Unconscious t__
The q__ asked

encoding
stress
novelty

storage
decay
post, information
schemas, blanks

retrieval
easy, sure
source
transference
question

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Memory Distortion: Encoding

Stress Effects

high stress had a f__ rate of _ _% when asked to identify i__ _ _ hours later.
N__ can make memory encoding more difficult- less to a__ new info with.

failure, 34%, interrogator 24

novelty, associate

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Memory Distortion: Storage

Decay
-E__’s F__ Curve

R__ decreases r__, then reaches a p__ (around _ days), after which little more is f__.

ebbinghaus’s forgetting

recall, rapidly, plateau, 5, forgotten

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Memory Distortion: Storage

Incorporation of new “post event” information:

A__ differ: c__/t__
S__ confusion (the memory of information as being obtained from o__ source when it was in fact obtained from a__)

associations, content/time

source, one, another

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Memory Distortion: Storage

Use schemas to fill in the blanks

Schemas are mental r__ of c__ and b__ that free cognitive r__.

ex: when asked to memorize the list of words: Butter
Food, Eat, Sandwich, Rye, Jam
Milk, Flour, Jelly, Dough, Crust
Slice, Wine, Loaf, Toast

You’re likely to misremember words that would fit the schema such as “bread” or “picnic.”

representations, concepts, behaviors, resources

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Memory Distortion: Retrieval

Not always e__ or a s__ thing
S__ confusion
Unconscious t__ (an eyewitness’s misidentification of an innocent bystander for a criminal perpetrator because of the witness’s exposure to the bystander in another c__.)
The q__ asked

easy, sure
source
transference, context
question

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Why Can Memories Go So Wrong in Testimony?

Repeated r__, r__:

-We l__ to tell these stories and we do it o__ (the “W__ were you w__?” game )

rehearsal, retrieval

like, often, where, when

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Remembrances of Things Past:

Had students describe where they were when they found out about the C__ explosion the d__ after and . years later.

Results:
\_\_ details completely i\_\_.
\_\_ details p\_\_ wrong.
\_\_ details c\_\_.
\_\_% of Ps were incorrect on e\_\_ detail.

challenger, day, 2.5

93, incorrect
60, partially
67, correct
25, every

Repeated Q__ Leads to:

Repeated r__, r__.

Implication that something in the o__ memory is i__ or m__ (untested as far as I know)

C__ witness are often interviewed as many as __ times in a__ cases

questioning

rehearsal, retrieval

original, incorrect, missing

child, 11, abuse

Memory in Children:

Children are especially e__ to p__.

Children are generally less a__ than a__.

Children are more open to s__.

eager, please

accurate, adults

suggestion

Memory in Children: Research and Reality:

Ceci and Bruck (1995). Sam Stone.

Initially told Sam was c__ and b__ things.
Over time, l__ questions led to __% blaming Sam Stone
and __% said they s__ him do it.
Margaret Kelly Michaels and the Wee Care nursery school- convicted on __ counts
Served 5 years of __ year sentence. overturned on grounds of s__ and c__ testimony.

clumsy, broke
leading, 72
45, saw

115, 47, suggestive, coercive

Unconscious Transference:

Forgetting the c__ of a r__ stimulus and subsequently m__-r__ the c__ of the stimulus.

For example, can lead to the identification of someone at a crime scene as the s__ when they were actually present as a w__.

Buckhout (74)- mock assault- 141 students- _ weeks later students were asked to id s__.
-__% identified i__ bystander

context, remembered, mis-remembering, context

suspect, witness

7, suspect
60, innocent

The Question Asked…

Loftus- asked participants how fast were two cars going when they r__ (s__) into each other?

More people reported broken g__ in “s__” condition and estimated the cars were moving at a higher s__.

ran, smashed

glass, smashed, speed

Elizabeth Loftus Quotes:

“When we remember something, we’re taking b__ and p__ of experience-sometimes from different t__ and p__-and bringing it all together to construct what might feel like a r__ but is actually a c__.”

bits, pieces
times, places
recollection, construction

R__ sometimes a problem in e__ IDs.

ex: J__ Thompson-C__ identifying R__ C__ from photographs as her rapist, causing him to be in prison for __ years before _ _ _ testing cleared him.

race, eyewitness

jennifer cannino, ronald cotton, 10, DNA

Eyewitness Identification Statistics: ``` Arye Rattner (OSU grad) -_._% of d__ are w__ convicted. ``` _ _% of __ wrongful convictions studied were due to e__ misidentification. The Center on Wrongful Convictions (Northwestern University) Faulty e__ identifications played a role in more than _/_ of __ death-row inmates who were e__. In __% of cases, this was the S__ evidence against accused

.5, defendants, wrongfully 53%, 200, eyewitness eyewitness, 1/2, 86, exonerated 38, sole

Eyewitness Identification: Staged a theft for witnesses _ _: Viewing conditions (good, moderate, poor) _ _: accuracy of i__ perpetrator Results: - accuracy varies by viewing condition - _ _% if good, _ _% if moderate, _ _% if poor.

theft IV DV, identifying 74, 50, 33

Juror Response to Eyewitness: Jurors were not very s__ to d__ in viewing conditions. -Believed witnesses with g__ viewing conditions slightly __. Good - _ _% Moderate – _ _% Poor - _ _%

sensitive, differences good, more 69% 57% 58%

Eyewitness Testimony Is Amazingly Powerful: (Loftus, 1974) Ss read descriptions of c__ and c__ evidence. IVs: E__ identification: - P__ - A__ - P__ (but u__) DV: Vote to c__ or not Results: Conviction Rates - Present: __% - Absent: __% - Unreliable: __%

crime, circumstantial eyewitness present absent present, unreliable convict 72% 18% 68%

Lineups- Presenting the Suspect to the Witness Two types: -Si__ Presentation “Law & Order-y” l__ lineups, also done with p__. Suspects presented in g__ with f__. -Se__ Presentation Suspects presented o__ at a t__.

simultaneous live, pictures groups, foils sequential, one, time

Comparing Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups False positives: - simultaneous: __% - sequential: __%

39% 19%

Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups What Is the Difference? In sequential lineups, rather than comparing suspects to e__ o__, witnesses evaluate each s__ and c__ it to their i__ of the s__. Renders an a__ judgment rather than a r__ judgment (as in a s__ presentation).

each other, separately, compare, image, suspect absolute, relative, simultaneous

Wells’ Recommendations for Lineups: -Limit f__ provided to w__. ~P__ feedback makes them o__. -Use d__-b__, s__ procedures only. ~Neither o__ or w__ knows whether s__ is in lineup ~Can help eliminate both i__ and u__ c__ by officers. Note: he also advocates teaching l__ about these techniques

feedback, witness positive, overconfident double-blind, sequential officer, witness, suspect intentional, unintentional, cuing lawyers

Justice Department Guidelines for Lineups: P__ were instrumental in developing them. Use o__-e__ questions -“I_ he here?” NOT “W__ o__ is he? Instruct the witness that the lineup m__ or m__ n__ contain the p__. Record witnesses o__ w__ about c__. Select appropriate f__. -Match as c__ as possible

psychologists open-ended is, which one may, may not, perpetrator own words, certainty foils closely

Recent Advances in Lineup Procedures: Multiple identification lineups -Witnesses pick on the basis of f__, b__ and v__ separately. Lindsay (2004) reports these false positive rates: Simultaneous: _ _% Sequential: _% Multiple ID: _%

face, body, voice 27% 9% 3%

Own Race Bias: In general, it’s easier to p__ and r__ f__ objects - F__ are no exception - Cross r__ identifications are i__. ~Maybe cross g__ too, but effect is s__. ~W__ eyewitnesses are particularly bad at c__-r__ identification

process, remember, familiar faces races, impaired gender, smaller white, cross-race

Own Race Bias- Experimental Evidence: El Paso convenience store clerks asked to identify customers from a lineup - w__ clerk best at identifying w__ customer - b__ clerk best at identifying b__ customer - m__ clerk best and identifying m__ customer.

white, white black, black mexican, mexican

Does Emotion in Facial Expression Matter to Identification Accuracy? While white Ps were relatively inaccurate in identifying African American faces with n__ expressions, accuracy __ with African American faces with a__ expressions. (Maner, et al., 2003)

neutral, improved, angry

"The m__ race is not as good at identifying m__ as it is its o__ race. This is h__-w__ in some way that we don't completely understand. But the phenomenon should be presented to the j__," said Barry Scheck, co-founder of The Innocence Project. P__, however, do not want j__ to raise the issue with j__. "This is not an appropriate area for judges to go into," said Josh Marquis, district attorney in Astoria, Ore., and a member of the executive committee of the National District Attorneys Association. "Yes, eyewitness ID across races has its issues. But is there a rampant problem to the degree that we need to get judges to start telling juries this is the law? No."

majority, minorities, own, hard-wired, jury prosecutors, judges, juries

Children as Eyewitnesses: Children are often the o__ eyewitness to crimes like s__ abuse. They are subject to the s__ biases as adults plus: -Less accurate as o__ than p__ -Generally less accurate in l__. ~Especially false positive when perpetrator is a__. -Training t__ and i__ don’t h__.

only, sexual ``` same observers, participants lineups absent tasks, instructions, help ```

What Can Be Done? Begin with Understanding the Difference Between System vs Estimator Variables: -System variables are u__ the control of the j__ s__. ~L__ u_ procedures ~Q__ techniques -Estimator variables are b__ the c__ of the justice system ~Poor l__ at c__ scene ~S__ level of w__

under, justice system line up questioning beyond, control lighting, crime stress, witness