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Psych and Law > Crime Investigation: Witnesses > Flashcards

Crime Investigation: Witnesses Flashcards

1
Q

Witnesses as aResource:

  • Id__ of su__(s)
  • Re__ of the crime
  • Affects decisions to q__/a__.
  • Affects decisions to p__.
  • Affects decisions for which c__ to prosecute.
  • Affects readiness to p__ b__.
A

Identification, suspects
recounting

question/arrest

prosecute

crime

plea bargain

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2
Q

Faces™ 4.0 for Law EnforcementEf__. Af__ and Ea__ to use.

A

effective, affordable, easy

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3
Q

Two Separate (but related) Issues Concerning Witnesses:

General M__ for e__:
-Can draw from b__ psychological research on m__.

Ey__ Id__:
-Much more s__ evidence from p__ and l__ research

A

memory, events
basic, memory

eyewitness identification
specific, psych, law

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4
Q

To R__, We Must First P__:

N__- stimuli that are n__ more readily attract attention

M__- stimuli that m__ more readily attract attention

I__ to s__- stimuli that has i__ for the s__ attract more attention.

These are basic p__ phenomenon that have a__ value to a__ and h__.

A

remember, perceive

novelty, novel

movement, move

importance, self, implications, self

perceptual, adaptive, animals, humans

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5
Q

Perception D__: The weapons focus effect:

Weapons-focus effect- Loftus (87) tracked e__ movements of participants watching characters in a bank- g__ vs. c__- net i__ of ability to i__ person with __.

Further, Pickel et al 2003 demonstrated that a w__ interfered with a__
comprehension.

A

diminished

eye, gun, checkbook, impairment, identify, gun

weapon, auditory

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6
Q

Perception Diminished: Ch__ bl__.

-demonstrated in video of two women talking in which many elements change, such as the removal of a scarf, but go unnoticed to most viewers.

A

change blindness

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7
Q

M__ as part of the p__ process:

cognitive ou__/be__–>

go__/mo__/em__–>

selective at__/co__–>

en__/si__/el__->

st__ and re__——>

back to beginning and loops

A

memory, perceptual

output/behavior

goals/motivation/emotion

attention/comprehension

encoding/simplification/elaboration

storage, retrieval

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8
Q

Psychological Research of Memory:

Long history of memory research- since the l__ 1__s

Key findings: Memory is constructive meaning that it is c__ or c__ rather than simply r__. (and reconstructive: memories that a__ or o__ details that were not part of an o__ event..) process.

  • No f__ d__
  • No _ _ _ tape
  • Very few “p__ memories”
A

late, 1800’s

constructed, created, recorded

add, omit, original

file drawer
VHS
photographic

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9
Q

General Memory Effects:

  • A__ to remembrances
  • R__ from remembrances

~At the heart of this is implications of a remembrance for the s__.

~And the need to make things f__ into existing r__/c__ structures.

A

additions

removals

self

fit, remembrances/cognitive

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10
Q

Memory Distortion at 3 Possible Phases of Memory:

En__:

  • S__ effects
  • N__

St__:

  • D__
  • Incorporation of new “p__ event” i__.
  • Use s__ to fill in the b__.

Re__:

  • Not always e__ or a s__ thing
  • S__ confusion
  • Unconscious t__
  • The q__ asked
A

encoding
stress
novelty

storage
decay
post, information
schemas, blanks

retrieval
easy, sure
source
transference
question
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11
Q

Memory Distortion: Encoding

Stress Effects

  • high stress had a f__ rate of _ _% when asked to identify i__ _ _ hours later.
  • N__ can make memory encoding more difficult- less to a__ new info with.
A

failure, 34%, interrogator 24

novelty, associate

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12
Q

Memory Distortion: Storage

Decay
-E__’s F__ Curve

R__ decreases r__, then reaches a p__ (around _ days), after which little more is f__.

A

ebbinghaus’s forgetting

recall, rapidly, plateau, 5, forgotten

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13
Q

Memory Distortion: Storage

Incorporation of new “post event” information:

  • A__ differ: c__/t__
  • S__ confusion (the memory of information as being obtained from o__ source when it was in fact obtained from a__)
A

associations, content/time

source, one, another

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14
Q

Memory Distortion: Storage

Use schemas to fill in the blanks

Schemas are mental r__ of c__ and b__ that free cognitive r__.

ex: when asked to memorize the list of words: Butter
Food, Eat, Sandwich, Rye, Jam
Milk, Flour, Jelly, Dough, Crust
Slice, Wine, Loaf, Toast

You’re likely to misremember words that would fit the schema such as “bread” or “picnic.”

A

representations, concepts, behaviors, resources

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15
Q

Memory Distortion: Retrieval

  • Not always e__ or a s__ thing
  • S__ confusion
  • Unconscious t__ (an eyewitness’s misidentification of an innocent bystander for a criminal perpetrator because of the witness’s exposure to the bystander in another c__.)
  • The q__ asked
A

easy, sure
source
transference, context
question

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16
Q

Why Can Memories Go So Wrong in Testimony?

Repeated r__, r__:

-We l__ to tell these stories and we do it o__ (the “W__ were you w__?” game )

A

rehearsal, retrieval

like, often, where, when

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17
Q

Remembrances of Things Past:

Had students describe where they were when they found out about the C__ explosion the d__ after and . years later.

Results:
\_\_ details completely i\_\_.
\_\_ details p\_\_ wrong.
\_\_ details c\_\_.
\_\_% of Ps were incorrect on e\_\_ detail.
A

challenger, day, 2.5

93, incorrect
60, partially
67, correct
25, every

18
Q

Repeated Q__ Leads to:

Repeated r__, r__.

Implication that something in the o__ memory is i__ or m__ (untested as far as I know)

C__ witness are often interviewed as many as __ times in a__ cases

A

questioning

rehearsal, retrieval

original, incorrect, missing

child, 11, abuse

19
Q

Memory in Children:

Children are especially e__ to p__.

Children are generally less a__ than a__.

Children are more open to s__.

A

eager, please

accurate, adults

suggestion

20
Q

Memory in Children: Research and Reality:

Ceci and Bruck (1995). Sam Stone.

  • Initially told Sam was c__ and b__ things.
  • Over time, l__ questions led to __% blaming Sam Stone
  • and __% said they s__ him do it.
  • Margaret Kelly Michaels and the Wee Care nursery school- convicted on __ counts
  • Served 5 years of __ year sentence. overturned on grounds of s__ and c__ testimony.
A

clumsy, broke
leading, 72
45, saw

115, 47, suggestive, coercive

21
Q

Unconscious Transference:

Forgetting the c__ of a r__ stimulus and subsequently m__-r__ the c__ of the stimulus.

For example, can lead to the identification of someone at a crime scene as the s__ when they were actually present as a w__.

Buckhout (74)- mock assault- 141 students- _ weeks later students were asked to id s__.
-__% identified i__ bystander

A

context, remembered, mis-remembering, context

suspect, witness

7, suspect
60, innocent

22
Q

The Question Asked…

Loftus- asked participants how fast were two cars going when they r__ (s__) into each other?

More people reported broken g__ in “s__” condition and estimated the cars were moving at a higher s__.

A

ran, smashed

glass, smashed, speed

23
Q

Elizabeth Loftus Quotes:

“When we remember something, we’re taking b__ and p__ of experience-sometimes from different t__ and p__-and bringing it all together to construct what might feel like a r__ but is actually a c__.”

A

bits, pieces
times, places
recollection, construction

24
Q

R__ sometimes a problem in e__ IDs.

ex: J__ Thompson-C__ identifying R__ C__ from photographs as her rapist, causing him to be in prison for __ years before _ _ _ testing cleared him.

A

race, eyewitness

jennifer cannino, ronald cotton, 10, DNA

25
Q

Eyewitness Identification Statistics:

Arye Rattner (OSU grad)
-_._% of d\_\_ are w\_\_ convicted.

_ _% of __ wrongful convictions studied were due to e__ misidentification.

The Center on Wrongful Convictions (Northwestern University)
Faulty e__ identifications played a role in more than / of __ death-row inmates who were e__.
In __% of cases, this was the S__ evidence against accused

A

.5, defendants, wrongfully
53%, 200, eyewitness

eyewitness, 1/2, 86, exonerated

38, sole

26
Q

Eyewitness Identification:

Staged a theft for witnesses

_ _: Viewing conditions (good, moderate, poor)

_ _: accuracy of i__ perpetrator

Results:

  • accuracy varies by viewing condition
  • _ _% if good, _ _% if moderate, _ _% if poor.
A

theft

IV

DV, identifying

74, 50, 33

27
Q

Juror Response to Eyewitness:

Jurors were not very s__ to d__ in viewing conditions.
-Believed witnesses with g__ viewing conditions slightly __.

Good - _ _%
Moderate – _ _%
Poor - _ _%

A

sensitive, differences

good, more

69%
57%
58%

28
Q

Eyewitness Testimony Is Amazingly Powerful:

(Loftus, 1974)
Ss read descriptions of c__ and c__ evidence.

IVs: E__ identification:

  • P__
  • A__
  • P__ (but u__)

DV: Vote to c__ or not

Results: Conviction Rates

  • Present: __%
  • Absent: __%
  • Unreliable: __%
A

crime, circumstantial

eyewitness
present
absent
present, unreliable

convict

72%
18%
68%

29
Q

Lineups- Presenting the Suspect to the Witness

Two types:

-Si__ Presentation
“Law & Order-y” l__ lineups, also done with p__.
Suspects presented in g__ with f__.

-Se__ Presentation
Suspects presented o__ at a t__.

A

simultaneous
live, pictures
groups, foils

sequential, one, time

30
Q

Comparing Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups

False positives:

  • simultaneous: __%
  • sequential: __%
A

39%

19%

31
Q

Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups What Is the Difference?

In sequential lineups, rather than comparing suspects to e__ o__, witnesses evaluate each s__ and c__ it to their i__ of the s__.

Renders an a__ judgment rather than a r__ judgment (as in a s__ presentation).

A

each other, separately, compare, image, suspect

absolute, relative, simultaneous

32
Q

Wells’ Recommendations for Lineups:

-Limit f__ provided to w__.
~P__ feedback makes them o__.

-Use d__-b__, s__ procedures only.
~Neither o__ or w__ knows whether s__ is in lineup
~Can help eliminate both i__ and u__ c__ by officers.

Note: he also advocates teaching l__ about these techniques

A

feedback, witness
positive, overconfident

double-blind, sequential
officer, witness, suspect

intentional, unintentional, cuing

lawyers

33
Q

Justice Department Guidelines for Lineups:

P__ were instrumental in developing them.

Use o__-e__ questions
-“I_ he here?” NOT “W__ o__ is he?

Instruct the witness that the lineup m__ or m__ n__ contain the p__.

Record witnesses o__ w__ about c__.

Select appropriate f__.
-Match as c__ as possible

A

psychologists

open-ended
is, which one

may, may not, perpetrator

own words, certainty

foils
closely

34
Q

Recent Advances in Lineup Procedures:

Multiple identification lineups
-Witnesses pick on the basis of f__, b__ and v__ separately.

Lindsay (2004) reports these false positive rates:
Simultaneous: _ _%
Sequential: _%
Multiple ID: _%

A

face, body, voice

27%
9%
3%

35
Q

Own Race Bias:

In general, it’s easier to p__ and r__ f__ objects

  • F__ are no exception
  • Cross r__ identifications are i__.

~Maybe cross g__ too, but effect is s__.
~W__ eyewitnesses are particularly bad at c__-r__ identification

A

process, remember, familiar
faces
races, impaired

gender, smaller
white, cross-race

36
Q

Own Race Bias- Experimental Evidence:

El Paso convenience store clerks asked to identify customers from a lineup

  • w__ clerk best at identifying w__ customer
  • b__ clerk best at identifying b__ customer
  • m__ clerk best and identifying m__ customer.
A

white, white

black, black

mexican, mexican

37
Q

Does Emotion in Facial Expression Matter to Identification Accuracy?

While white Ps were relatively inaccurate in identifying African American faces with n__ expressions, accuracy __ with African American faces with a__ expressions. (Maner, et al., 2003)

A

neutral, improved, angry

38
Q

“The m__ race is not as good at identifying m__ as it is its o__ race. This is h__-w__ in some way that we don’t completely understand. But the phenomenon should be presented to the j__,” said Barry Scheck, co-founder of The Innocence Project.

P__, however, do not want j__ to raise the issue with j__.

“This is not an appropriate area for judges to go into,” said Josh Marquis, district attorney in Astoria, Ore., and a member of the executive committee of the National District Attorneys Association. “Yes, eyewitness ID across races has its issues. But is there a rampant problem to the degree that we need to get judges to start telling juries this is the law? No.”

A

majority, minorities, own, hard-wired, jury

prosecutors, judges, juries

39
Q

Children as Eyewitnesses:

Children are often the o__ eyewitness to crimes like s__ abuse.

They are subject to the s__ biases as adults plus:
-Less accurate as o__ than p__
-Generally less accurate in l__.
~Especially false positive when perpetrator is a__.

-Training t__ and i__ don’t h__.

A

only, sexual

same
observers, participants
lineups
absent
tasks, instructions, help
40
Q

What Can Be Done? Begin with Understanding the Difference Between System vs Estimator Variables:

-System variables are u__ the control of the j__ s__.

~L__ u_ procedures
~Q__ techniques

-Estimator variables are b__ the c__ of the justice system

~Poor l__ at c__ scene
~S__ level of w__

A

under, justice system
line up
questioning

beyond, control
lighting, crime
stress, witness

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