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Human Growth & Development > Theories of Craniofacial Growth (FINAL) > Flashcards

Theories of Craniofacial Growth (FINAL) Flashcards

1
Q

In orthodontics they feel that by changing the environment/manipulating the growth patterns, they are positively influencing the:

A

Epigenetic patterns of genes

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2
Q

The concept of the genes that you express or don’t express & to what degree:

A

Epigenetics

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3
Q

Epigenetics are considered very:

A

Unpredictable

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4
Q

In orthodontics they feel that by changing the environment/manipulating the growth patterns, they are positively influencing the epigenetic patterns of genes resulting in:

A

Correction of malocclusion

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5
Q

The lower incisors & upper incisors DO meet with 25% overbite & they are in balance:

A

Interincisal cupping

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6
Q

For the male patient seen with the 12 mm of overate (full class II malocclusion) the treatment required:

A

Orthognathic surgery

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7
Q

Although the man who required orthognathic surgery’s son came in with the same genetics as his father (and some from his mother)- what treatment was decided and why?

A

Functional appliance to reposition the lower jaw forward (avoiding surgery); due to young age and not being done with growth

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8
Q

What was the hope with treating the boy with a functional appliance?

A

We hope to have a 50% upper & lower correction of vertical dimension & that the dental alveolar processes respond to this new position

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9
Q

Growth theory of Proffitt=

A

Equilibrium

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10
Q

Theory that states not only should you look at the hard tissues & make inferences from this, but also the balance of forces that keep the jaws in their position & the duration of force (that is more important than the magnitude)

A

Equilibrium theory of proffitt

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11
Q

The Equilibrium Theory of Profitt states that in addition to looking at the hard tissues you should also consider (2):

A
  1. Balance of forces keep the teeth & jaws in their position
  2. Duration of force more important than magnitude
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12
Q

The Equilibrium Theory of Profitt states that the ____ of force is more important than the _____

A

Duration; magnitude

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13
Q

The Equilibrium Theory of Profitt states that the balance of _____ keeps the teeth & jaws in their position

A

Forces

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14
Q

The Equilibrium Theory of Profitt states considers the balance of what muscles?

A
  1. Muscles of mastication
  2. Lingual muscles
  3. Orofacial muscles
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15
Q

What does the Equilibrium Theory of Profitt state should be in balance? (3)

A
  1. Bone
  2. Soft tissue
  3. Pharynx/nasal cavity/airway
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16
Q

Means that the function requirements (breathing, eating, mastication, etc.) is very relevant to the development of your craniofacial complex:

A

Functional matrix

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17
Q

The theory of functional matrix reverses the theory that:

A

The theory that we first have bone, bone grows, & tissues accomodate

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18
Q

The functional matrix theory considers the balance between:

A

Cheek pressure & Tongue posture

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19
Q

What positions does the tongue push on the teeth?

A
  1. AP position
  2. Transverse position
    (does NOT have massive influence on the vertical dimension)
20
Q

Discuss the relationship between bone growth & soft tissues portrayed by the functional matrix theory:

A

Bone growth <—-> soft tissue accommodation

(we just don’t know to what degree)

21
Q

Orthodontics has the capacity to influence growth thanks to:

A

Functional matrix

22
Q

Mouth breathing & sleep apnea may be due to:

A

Anterior open bite

23
Q

Enhancing dentoalveolar growth has an influence on the ________ but we do not know to what degree

A

Muscles

24
Q

Malocclusion that is 100% related yo functional alterations:

A

Open bite

25
Q

-Overeruption of alveolar processes
-no equilibrium
-jaws not developing enough in the transverse direction
-everything is too small
-tongue pushes on teeth

All of this contributes to:

A

Open bite

26
Q

What condition may be correlated to an open bite?

A

Sleep apnea

27
Q

Dental affects on mouth breathing include: (5)

A
  1. anterior open bite
  2. maxillary incisor protrusion
  3. mandibular incisor protrusion
  4. narrowing of the maxilla
  5. mandibular retrusion
28
Q

Mandibular retrusion (a component of open bite malocclusion) may be due to:

A
  1. Mandible is genetically too small
  2. Mandible may not be growing because functional matrix is not opsonized

(likely lies somewhere in between!!)

29
Q

For the case of the patient with skeletal-dentoalveolar malocclusion, what was wrong with the maxilla & what was wrong with the mandible?

A

Maxilla= dentoalveolar (excessive vertical growth)

Mandible= short ramus

30
Q

What treatment was used for the case of the patient with skeletal-dentoalveolar malocclusion?

A

Combination of dentoalveolar treatment with orthodontics, extractions & sagittal segment osteotomy

31
Q

What bones & where do growth CENTERS occur?

A

Epiphysis of long bones

32
Q

Where would we NOT find growth CENTERS?

A

No growth centers in the craniofacial complex (except for cranial base)

33
Q

Growth CENTERS are responsible for growth of:

A

Long bones

34
Q

How are cells organized in growth CENTERS?

A

Cells are layered in a precise manner

35
Q

What happens with a cell that is transplanted from a growth CENTER?

A

It will continue to grow (maybe due to chemical mediators or genetics)

36
Q

Do growth CENTERs respond to tension or pressure?

A

NO
(tightly genetically controlled)

37
Q

Because growth CENTERs are tightly genetically controlled, this means:

A

No place for functional adaptation

38
Q

Where do we find growth SITES?

A

Mandibular condyles
Maxillary sutures
Maxillary tuberosity

39
Q

Discuss the cell organization of growth SITES:

A

Immature fibro-cartilagenous cells that are NOT layered

40
Q

What happens to a cell transplanted from a growth SITE?

A

They stop functioning (genetic mediators basically stop working)

41
Q

Are growth SITES sensitive to mechanical stimulation such as temperature and pressure?

A

YES; tension makes bone, pressure resorbs bone

42
Q

Discuss the amount of bone formed at growth sites via mechanical stimulation:

A

Amount of bone formed is minimal

43
Q

Growth SITES respond to:

A

Mechanical stimualtion

44
Q

The amount of growth that occurs at a growth SITE is:

A

Minimal

45
Q

______ are genetically programed and less affected by the environment

A

Growth CENTERs

Human Growth & Development (11 decks)

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