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Human Growth & Development > Molecular Genetics & Early Embryonic Development > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics & Early Embryonic Development Flashcards

Dr. Erin Bumann

1
Q

Cells begin to form specific & specialized structures

A

Differentiation

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2
Q

Cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parent cells

A

Growth

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3
Q

What are the three stages of embryonic decelopment?

A
  1. Differentiation
  2. Growth
  3. Patterning
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4
Q

Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what as known as gastrulation

A

Patterning

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5
Q

The process of patterning in which cells get organized into layers and groups of cell masses occurs through:

A

Gastrulation

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6
Q

Patterning needs to occur in three dimensions, these include:

A
  1. Anterior-posterior (top-bottom)
  2. Dorsal-ventral (left-right)
  3. Proximal-distal (front-back)
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7
Q

Where does dentistry fit into the continuum of patterning & embryonic development?

A
  1. Malocclusion syndromes
  2. Craniofacial malformations
  3. Bone mass traits
  4. Tooth agenesis
  5. Tooth movement
  6. Tooth development disorders
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8
Q

The following conditions are all considered:

Pierre-Robin
Treacher Collins
Marfan Syndrome

A

Malocclusion syndromes

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9
Q

The following conditions are all considered:

-Crouson
-Apert
-Pfieffer
-Clefting syndromes (lip & palate)

A

Craniofacial malformations

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10
Q

The following conditions are all considered:

-Sclerosterosis and Van Buschem’s
-High bone mass and OPPG
-Paget’s disease

A

Bone mass traits

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11
Q

Tooth agenesis can be described as:

A

Missing teeth

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12
Q

The following conditions are considered:

-Dentintogenesis imperfecta
-Amelogenesis imperfecta

A

Tooth development disorders

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13
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta can be described as:

A

Tooth development disorders affecting the enamel

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14
Q

Craniofacial anomalies account for:

A

1/3 of all congenital defects

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15
Q

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 0-2 weeks:

A

Not sensitive; high rate of lethality may occur

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16
Q

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 3-8 weeks:

A

Period of greatest sensitivity; Each organ system also has a period of peak sensitivity

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17
Q

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 9-38 weeks:

A

Decreasing sensitivity; Period of functional maturation

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18
Q

Developmental time period in which the face is forming:

A

3-8 weeks

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19
Q

List four important concepts of embryonic development:

A
  1. Universal mechanisms of animal development
  2. Proteins can be substituted across species
  3. Inductive signaling
  4. Regional determination
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20
Q

What are the five signaling pathways that species share in common?

A

-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
-TGF-Beta Superfamily
-WNT Signaling
-Hedgehog Signaling
-Notch Signaling

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21
Q

Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating:

A

Cell interactions & gene regulation

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22
Q

Proteins can be _______ across species

A

Substituted

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23
Q

________ defines the developmental program of an organism

A

Regulatory DNA

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24
Q

An important concept of embryonic development is ______ versus _____ cell division

A

Asymmetric versus symmetric cell division

25
Q

Gradients reflective of the balance between positive & inhibitory inductive signals; sequential inductions

A

Inductive signaling & morphogens

26
Q

Division in which sister cells are born different:

A

Asymmetric division

27
Q

Division in which sister cells become different as a result of influences acting on them after their birth:

A

Symmetric division

28
Q

Inductive signaling is characterized by:

A
  1. Starting point (cell or cell cluster)
  2. Cell-cell signaling
  3. Cell signaling cascades
  4. Acts over great distances
29
Q

Early developmental process in which the embryo (week 3 in humans) transforms from a single cell layer (blastula) into the three primary germ layers:

A

Gastrulation

30
Q

When does the process of gastrulation occur?

A

3 weeks (in humans)

31
Q

Gastrulation transforms a single cell layer (______) into three ______

A

Blastula; primary germ layers

32
Q

What are the primary germ layers formed from the blastula through gastrulation?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
33
Q

Forms towards the anterior following gastrulation:

A

Hensen’s node

34
Q

Forms from anterior to posterior following gastrulation:

A

Primitive streak

35
Q

Following gastrulation, we get ______ formation towards the anterior and _____ formation towards the posterior

A

Head; somite

36
Q

Race and ethnicity are considered _____ meaning that they do not exist _____

A

Social constructions; biologically

37
Q

A socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people:

A

Race

38
Q

A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history or another cultural factor:

A

Ethnicity

39
Q

Misappropriates the authority of science and undermines it by converting it into a social weapon:

A

Scientific racism

40
Q

The impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically through genetic changes in response to those stresses:

A

Social epigenomics

41
Q

Around how many distinct craniofacial syndromes exist?

A

More than 700

42
Q

Craniofacial syndromes are a significant cause of:

A

Infany mortality

43
Q

___% of all live births exhibit some form of minor or major craniofacial abnormality

A

3%

44
Q

Embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and the epidermis:

A

Neural crest cells

45
Q

Neural crest cells are an embryonic cell population located between:

A

The developing neural tube & the epidermis

46
Q

Some neural crest cells exhibit _____, meaning that they can give rise to multiple differentiated cell types

A

Stemness

47
Q

In the formation of craniofacial structures (and many other structures), the _______ migrate through restricted pathways to form the developing structures

A

Neural crest cells

48
Q

Cell migrates is a tightly regulated process and the NCCs receive cues such as _____ & _____ that restrict their movement and determine fate

A

Morphogens & growth factors

49
Q

Over ____ genes have been identified that have mutations associated with tooth patterning, morphogenesis defects and cell differentiation defects

A

300 genes

50
Q

As a collective group ____ diseases are the most common

A

Craniofacial genetic diseases

51
Q

List the five main categories of genetic diseases of the dentition:

A
  1. Ectodermal dysplasias
  2. Tooth agenesis
  3. Supernumerary teeth
  4. Cleft lip/palate
  5. Skeletal diseases and the dentition
52
Q

-Greater than 100 different disorders
-Commonly involves one or more of teeth, nail, skin, sweat glands &/or hair

A

Ectodermal dysplasias

53
Q

List the three types of tooth agenesis:

A
  1. Hypodontia
  2. Oligodontia
  3. Anodontia
54
Q

Missing only a few teeth, common type of tooth agenesis:

A

Hypodontia

55
Q

Missing more than 6 teeth, excluding third molars, more severe form of agenesis:

A

Oligodontia

56
Q

Absence or complete lack of teeth:

A

Anodontia

57
Q

Form of tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth appear smaller:

A

Microdontia

58
Q

Form of tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth grow faster and exceed average size:

A

Macrodontia

59
Q

Code that drives homeobox formation and is extremely important that it results in the correct schematic:

A

Homeobox code

Human Growth & Development (11 decks)

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