THEORIES OF CHANGE IN HEALT PROMOTION (part 1) Flashcards
“systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances devised to analyze, predict or otherwise explain the nature or behaviour of a specified set of phenomena that could be used as the basis for action” (Van Ryn and Heany, 1992).
Theory
is a structured logical explanation, or a way of examining or describing a certain phenomenon, such as the factors promoting or inhibiting health.
theory
Health promoters apply theories to:
understand the individuals, organizations and communities they work with;
guide the selection and development of appropriate health promotion strategies; and/or
explain the factors promoting and inhibiting change at the individual, community and societal levels.
There are four broad categories of health promotion theories:
theories explaining health behavior change in individuals
theories explaining change in communities
theories explaining change in organizations
theories explaining the development of healthy public policy
……………………… is one of the oldest theories designed to explain health
behavior
The Health Belief Model
It argues that behavior can best be understood if beliefs about health are clear.
The Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model
The model predicts that individuals will act to protect or promote their health if
they believe that:
they are (susceptible to a condition or problem)
the consequences of the condition are (severe)
the recommended actions to deal with the problem are (beneficial)
the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs or (barriers)
Major elements of health belife model
هاذي موجودة في سلايد رقم 6 اتوقع راجعوها من السلايدات لانها مو موجودة هنا ما حطيتها
For example, if the Health Belief Model was applied to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS, individuals would be more likely to practice safe sex if they believe that:
they are at risk of HIV infection
the consequences of the infection are serious
safe sex practices (e.g., condom use) are effective in reducing the risk of infection
the benefits of safe sex practices outweigh the potential costs and barriers
Shows how behavioral intentions are thought to be influenced by three factors:
-attitudes towards behaviors
-subjective norms
-Perceived Behavioral Control
Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour
نظرية الفعل المبرر والسلوك المخطط له
shows how behavioral intentions are thought to be influenced by three factors:
-attitudes towards behaviors
-subjective norms
-Perceived Behavioral Control
الموقف تجاه السلوك
(attitudes towards behaviors), which are determined by the belief that a:
desired outcome will occur if a particular behavior is followed and that the outcome will be beneficial to health
المثال مو لازم تحفظه اهم شي الي فوق
for example, people will be more likely to have a positive attitude towards using sunscreen if they believe it’s an effective means of achieving the desired outcome (preventing skin cancer)
subjective norms, relate to a person’s beliefs about
ما يعتقده الاخرون بشان الشخص
1-what others think she or he should do (normative beliefs)
دافع الشخص للامتثال لرغبة الاخرين
2-and by an individual’s motivation to comply with the wishes of others
المثال للفهم
for example: if a smoker feels that most people do not smoke and that most of his/her friends want them to quit, then it is more likely she/he will develop subjective norms that favor quitting-
perceived behavioral control recognizes that a person’s intentions will…?
become significantly more likely to lead to behavior if he/she feels greater personal control over a behavior (a concept closely linked to the notion of self efficacy in social learning theory)
المثال للفهم
for example, a new mother may be more likely to breastfeed her baby if she has a higher degree of perceived behavioral control, or confidence, in her ability to breastfeed.
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
Based on the assumptions that:
behaviour change is an ongoing process, not an event
True or false
True
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
Based on the assumptions that:
individuals have varying levels of motivation or readiness to change,
True or false
True
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
the theory identifies five stages of change:
Pre-contemplation (ignorance is bliss)
Contemplation (sitting on the fence)
Preparation (testing the waters)
Action (go for it)
Maintenance(steady as she goes)
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change)
the stage describing individuals who are not considering changing their behaviours, or are consciously intending not to change;
Pre-contemplation (ignorance is bliss)
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
the stage at which a person considers making a change to a specific behaviour;
Contemplation (sitting on the fence)
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
the stage at which a person makes a serious commitment to change and begins to make the necessary preparations to do so;
Preparation (testing the waters)
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
the stage at which a change is initiated;
Action (go for it)
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
sustaining the change over time:
maintenance (“steady as she goes”)
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
People appear to move through these stages in a predictable way, although some move more quickly than others
صح ولا خطا
صح
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
The theory is circular rather than linear, as people can enter or exit at any point
صح ولا خطا
صح
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
it applies equally to individuals who ‘self-initiate’ a change and those responding to advice and encouragement to change
صح
يعني للناس الي بدات التغيير من نفسها وتبغا تتغير وتسمع للنصيحه ومحفزه للتغيير
Pre-contemplation
The challenge is:
Suggested action:
Awareness raising
Provide information on the health risks of being overweight
Contemplation
The challenge is :
Suggested action :
Recognition of the benefits of change
Provide information on the potential benefits of weight loss
Preparation
The challenge is :
Suggested action :
Support to overcome barriers to weight loss
Assistance with identification of potential barriers and support for overcoming barriers
Action
The challenge is:
Suggested action :
Program of change
Work out a plan for weight loss and monitor progress
Maintenance
The challenge is :
Suggested action :
Follow-up
Organise routine follow-up. work out a plan to prevent relapse
the most comprehensive theory
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory is the most comprehensive theory because it addresses both
the underlying determinants of health behaviour
and methods of promoting change.
The theory views change as a product of the interaction between individuals and their environments.
Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
there is no framework that links the components of the theory together.
True or false
True
Social Learning Theory
The key elements of the theory are:
reciprocal determinism
observational learning
expectations
self-efficacy
Reciprocal determinism
describes the way in which behaviour and the environment continuously interact and influence one another.
For example, modifying social norms about smoking is considered to be one of the most powerful ways of promoting cessation among adults.
is the capacity to learn by observing the behaviour of others.
Observational learning
For example, children may be more likely to follow the example of people they admire (role models).
are the value an individual places on the outcomes resulting from different behaviours.
Expectations
For example, if you believe that smoking will help you to lose weight and place great value on weight loss, then you may be more likely to take up smoking.
take up smoking = يعني تقوم وتدخن
يعني الواحد يكون عنده تجارب سابقة قريبة من التدخين وحصل منها فائدة فيقرر فجاه انه التدخين متوقع منه نتيجة كويسه
is an individual’s belief and level of confidence in her/his own ability to successfully make a change or perform a behaviour.
Self-efficacy
Social learning theory identifies …………………. as the most important factor for successful change.
self-efficacy
The theory suggests that health promoters act as ‘change agents’, facilitating change through modification of the social environment and the development of skills and capacities that enable individuals to make healthy changes.
Social Learning Theory
The scientists identified eight conditions, one or more of which must be true in order for a person to make a successful health-related behaviour change:
a strong, positive intention to perform the behaviour
an absence of environmental barriers preventing the behaviour
skills to perform the behaviour
advantages of performing the behaviour outweigh the disadvantages
social pressure to perform the behaviour
consistency between the behaviour and a person’s self image
a more positive than negative emotional reaction to performing the behaviour
perceived self-efficacy (or confidence) to perform the behaviour
Theories Explaining Behaviour Change in Individuals
Health bleive model
Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour
The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
Social Learning Theory
