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psycopathology > Theories Of Behavior Part 2 > Flashcards

Theories Of Behavior Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what factors influence effectiveness of Operant conditioning

A

Operant conditioning is most effective in changing behavior when RF/P occurs immediately and consistently after the behavior occurs, and contingency is clear

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2
Q

Describe the combination approach?

A

Typically a combination of RF and P is used to develop a behavior—a child learns how to behave correctly (via RF) and how not to behave

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3
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Overuse of punishment may cause a person to develop LH (become passive and not try any longer)

This is commonly seen in depressed people

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4
Q

How does learned helplessness develop in depressed people?

A

This is due to cognitive bias of over-generalization, a patient incorrectly thinks that he has failed “at everything”

The maladaptive belief leads to LH

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5
Q

How can learned helplessness be reversed in the depressed?

A
  • Cognitive therapy(to correct cognitive bias)
  • Antidepressant medication(known to reverse induced LH in non-human animal models
  • before a drug with potential antidepressant effects reaches human clinical trials, the drug must pass a LH screening test using a non-human animal model
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6
Q

What is shaping/successive approximations?

A

The process by which a behavior can be developed from scratch by reinforcing actions that are successively closer to that behavior that is desired

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7
Q

What is operant extinction?

A

The process of weakening a previously-reinforced behavior by stopping the reinforcement.

If a was increased by RF, then the behavior would be extinguish if the reinforcement stops

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8
Q

What is the difference between operant extinction and punishment?

A

With operant extinction when previously reinforced behavior is emitted, nothing happens. (The RF no longer occurs)

With punishment, a behavior is emitted, and something happens to discourage the behavior (I.e. followed by the consequence)

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9
Q

What are continuous schedules and the problem with them?

A

This is a type of frequency of how often RF or P is administered

Continuous schedules: RF/P every time the behavior occurs

Problem: Operant extinction may occur if RF stops

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10
Q

What are intermittent schedules?

A

RF/P only sometimes the behavior occurs

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of intermittent schedules ?

A

Fixed ratio

Variable ratio

Fixed interval variable interval

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12
Q

A boy learns to brush his teeth before bedtime by being reinforced with praise from his parents. The parents stop praising him. As a result, the boy stops brushing his teeth at night. The behavior of “brushing his teeth” has weakened. This is an example of…

A

Operant extinction

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13
Q

A boy fails to brush his teeth before bedtime, and he gets scolded. As a result, the behavior of “NOT brushing his teeth” has weakened. This is an example of…

A

Punishment

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14
Q

What is a fixed ratio intermittent schedule? What is its problem?

A

RF/P is given after a predictable number of responses are made (e.g. after every 5th action)

Problem: operant extinction may occur if RF stops

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15
Q

What is a variable ratio intermittent schedule ?

A

RF/P is given after an unpredictable number of responses are made (e.g. after the 3rd, 5th and 9th action)

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16
Q

What is the problem with both fixed ratio and variable ratio intermittent schedules ?

A

Behaviors reinforced in this manner are difficult to eliminate because ANY response could be RF even when a response hasn’t been reinforced recently

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17
Q

What are fixed interval intermittent schedules?

A

RF/P is given after a fixed period of time has passed (e.g. the last day of each month)

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18
Q

What is the variable interval intermittent schedule ?

A

RF/P is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed (e.g. the 16th day of the month, then the 2nd day of the month, then the 28th of the month)

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19
Q

What is the problem with fixed and variable interval intermittent schedules?

A

Interval schedules produce slower responding than ratio schedules, since rewards come after time has passed, not after a certain amount of time has passed, not a certain amount of time of productivity

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20
Q

Give a clarification of schedules

A

Ratio schedules can be:

Continuous- every response

Fixed- after every X number of responses

Variable- after an unpredictable number of responses

Interval schedules

Fixed- after every X amount if time passes

Variable- after an unpredictable amount of time passes

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21
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning behavior through observation

Many behaviors can be learned through observation(social skills, anger, fears)

Learning can take place without being directly RF/P. Learning can take place through seeing it happen to somebody else

22
Q

Describe the major features of the psychodynamic theory

A

Behavior is due to intro psychic forces, urges and motivation, focuses on the unconscious

Past relationships play a role in a person’s present functioning

Believes in revealing the contents of the unconscious

23
Q

According to the psychodynamic theory, what 3 parts are the mind divided into?

A

Id

Ego

Superego

24
Q

According to the psychodynamic theory, what is the function of Id?

A

This part o& the mind uses primitive instinct and uses functions based on the “pleasure principle”

25
Q

According to the psychodynamic theory, what is the function of ego(the self)?

A

This part of the mind regulates id and operates based on the “reality principle”

26
Q

According to the psychodynamic theory, what is the function of superego(morality)?

A

This learned part of mind observes and evaluates, prohibits and punishes based on right/wrong principles

27
Q

Explain, what occurs when there is conflict between the 3 parts of the mind according to the psychodynamic theory?

A

Conflict between these parts cause anxiety which may trigger the mind to use a “defense mechanism” to protect the ego

Defenses are performed unconsciously and spontaneously with the goal of coping/distorting/denying reality

28
Q

How may defense mechanisms be categorized?

A

Some defenses are considered adaptive/mature ways of dealing with internal conflict while others are immature/maladaptive

29
Q

What is denial?

A

A defense mechanism where someone refuses to believe a clear fact and thus not adjusting ones behavior

30
Q

What is repression ?

A

A defense mechanism where a person keeps one’s feelings/thoughts out of conscious awareness

31
Q

What is displacement?

A

A defense mechanism where a person redirects their feelings from the original(true) source of the emotion and taking out the emotion on another source

32
Q

What is projection?

A

Defense mechanism, one disowns their own feelings and giving ownership of those feelings to somebody else

33
Q

What is identification(introspection)?

A

A defense mechanism where one patterns their behavior after someone else

34
Q

What is regression?

A

A defense mechanism, where a person regresses to a behavioral pattern associated with an earlier stage in development

35
Q

What is splitting?

A

A defense mechanism where one views the world as a polarized fashion,( good or bad with no in-between) by selectively focusing on positive or negative attributes

36
Q

What is the isolation of affect?

A

A defense mechanism where emotion is stripped away from a thought/memory, leaving an emotionless narrative

37
Q

What is intellectualization?

A

A defense mechanism where emotion is stripped away from a thought/memory and replaced the emotion with excessive use of intellect in the narrative (e.g, emotionless with excessive use of jargon)

38
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Making excuses o make oneself feel/look better in a given situation e.g. I didn’t really want the job anyway

39
Q

What is somatization?

A

A defense mechanism, transforming psychological distress into a physical symptom e.g. exam stress transformed to headaches

40
Q

What is acting out?

A

A defense mechanism where a person performs an external used behavior to express feelings that person isn’t able to express appropriately

E.g. anger is expressed via a tantrum not verbally

41
Q

What is passive aggression?

A

A defense mechanism where Expressing hostility through passivity (lack of action)e.g. being late

42
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

A defense mechanism showing the opposite behavior as to how one really feels (e.g. obsessive sexual urges expressed as prudish behavior)

43
Q

What is dissociation?

A

A defense mechanism where distancing/removing one self mentally from an experience to prevent the full distressful impact of the event

44
Q

What is undoing ?

A

A defense mechanism where a person completes an action that was symbolically reverses/repairs the unacceptable behavior or feeling

(e,g, flirting with a colleague then later complimenting spouse)

45
Q

What is altruism (ego-defensive altruism)?

A

A defense mechanism where performing an altruistic act with a conscious altruistic intention but also an UNCONSCIOUS SELF-SERVING MOTIVATION

e.g. a generous charitable donation assumes one’s guilt about past unpaid debts

46
Q

How can humor be a defense mechanism ?

A

Expressing distress by joking about a distressful thought

47
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Expressing an undesirable emotion/impulse in a constructive, socially acceptable manner

(Anger released through exercise)

48
Q

What is suppression?

A

Consciously putting an upsetting thought temporarily out of mind of retrieving (and addressing) at a more appropriate time
(E.g. dealing with bad news after an important event)

49
Q

What are the limitations of the psychodynamic theory?

A
  • A major criticism with this theoretical perspective is that the concepts are difficult to prove experimentally
  • Treatment techniques based on these principles may have a more limited role in treatment of psychopathology
50
Q

What is the interactions approach? Give an example

A

The interactional approach views behavior from each theoretical perspective rather than just one

Example: anorexia nervosa

Biology: genetic predisposition and neurochemistry
Cognitive: distorted thoughts
Behavioral: positive reinforcement
Psychodynamic theory: family dynamics

psycopathology (23 decks)

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