Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psycopathology > Behavioral Therapies Psychological Treatment Part 2 > Flashcards

Behavioral Therapies Psychological Treatment Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major types of psychotropics?

A
  • Antidepressants
  • Antipsychotics
  • Moodstabilizers ( anti-manic)
  • Anxiolytics( anti-anxiety)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the rationale of using medication for psychological problems?

A

Altering brain chemistry will alter brain function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give a brief history if psychotropics

A

Medications for mental illness have been used since the 1950s with the discovery that chlorpromazine (an antipsychotic drug) calmed patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe antipsychotics

A

“Neuroleptic”

For psychotic behavior
- 1st generation (traditional) and atypical antipsychotics

  • Common feature is reduction of dopamine through receptor blockade
  • Motor abnormalities are noteworthy side effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Antidepressants

A

For unipolar depression and anxiety

  • drugs increase serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
    • there are 2 lines of drugs classified as antidepressants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the 1st line of Antidepressants

A

SSRIs- (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

SNRI-( serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)

Common side effects include GI distress, sexual dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the 2nd line of Antidepressants

A
  • TCAs(tricyclic antidepressants)
  • MAOIs( monoamine oxidase inhibitors) this drug inhibits enzymes that degrades monoamines

Common side effects include blood pressure changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe neurotransmitter reuptake

A
  1. Neurotransmitter (NT) in the synaptic cleft gets taken back up into the presynaptic cell through re-uptake channels for re-packaging into vessels or destruction
  2. This regulates the amount of NT in truths synaotic cleft

With less NT in the synaptic cleft there is less likelihood any will bind to the post synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the functioning of reuptake inhibitors

A
  1. These drugs block reuptake channels on the pre-synaptic membrane
  2. This causes the NT to linger in the synaptic cleft and thereby increases the total number of NT molecules in the cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the degrading enzymes (e.g. monoamines oxidase)

A
  1. Enzymes break down neurotransmitters that aren’t stored in vesicles in the presynaptic cell
  2. Therefore, less NT is available for loading into the vesicles
  3. If there is less NT in vesicles, then less NT gets released into the synaptic cleft

With less NT in the cleft, there is less likelihood of the NT binding to a postsynaptic receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the functioning of inhibiting degrading enzyme (e.g.. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

A
  1. These drugs inhibit the enzyme degradation process
  2. Therefore, more NT is available to be packaged into vesicles in the presynaptic cell
  3. If there is more NT in vesicles, then more NT gets released into the synaptic cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe mood stabilizers

A

For bipolar disorders ( “manic depression “)

  • drugs have variable mechanisms of action
    - lithium
    - selective anticonvulsants and antipsychotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe anxiolytics

A

For anxiety

Consist of

  • antidepressants
  • benzodiazepines (diazepines)
  • These drugs depress brain activity
  • Use only short term due to addiction risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long does it take for psychotropics to take effect?

A

Typically takes 4-6 weeks before therapeutic effect are evident.

Benzodiazepines are an exception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List factors that lead to patient non-adherence

A
  • impatience leading to premature drug continuation
  • side effects(e.g. sexual, motor)
  • symptoms of mental illness
  • financial factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some examples of brain stimulation therapies

A
  1. Electroconvulsive therapies
  2. Repetitive transcranial magnetic simulation (rTMS)
  3. Magnetic Seizure therapy (experimental)
  4. Vague nerve stimulation (VNS)
  5. Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe electroconvulsive therapy

A

The application of an electrical stimulus to the brain to induce a generalized seizure to improve the mood

      - patient is given a muscle relax prevent injury and an anesthetic to reduce consciousness
18
Q

Give the history of the ECT

A
  • seizures were originally induced by using pharmological substances
  • Cerletti and Bini(1938) used electricity to induce seizures for treatment of mental illness (electroshock therapy EST)
  • Anesthetics/muscle relaxants were not used and problems with bone fractures resulted
19
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy

A
  • multiple and indiscriminate effects on brain chemistry

- difficult to isolate therapeutic effect

20
Q

What are some indication ECT should be used?

A
  • Treatment- resistant depression/mania
  • severe depression or mania
  • pregnant depressed patients( since antidepressants can cause dude effects to fetus)
21
Q

What are the contraindications of electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) ?

A

No absolute contraindication but caution if patient has vascular disease ( due to increased blood pressure during seizures)

22
Q

Describe the procedure of ECT

A

Frontotemporal placement can be unilateral or bilateral

  • Generalized seizure for atleast 30 seconds
  • 3 treatments a week for 6-12 treatments
23
Q

What are the initial side effects of electroconvulsive therapy?

A
  • Cardiac arythmia, headache and confusion

- Some memory loss-for recent long-term memory and some learning problems surrounding ECT sessions

24
Q

What are the long term side effects of ECT?

A
  • No permanent memory system problems(still debated)

- Typical memory abilities normalize after a few months post-treatment

25
Q

Describe the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy

A
  • Rapid clinical improvement of mood episode
  • Generally “safe and effective”(minimal risks)
  • Used to treat the acute phase of illness, not as a prevention strategy
26
Q

What clinical scenario is Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

-Approved for depressed patients who have failed at least 1 medication trial.

27
Q

What does repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS do for a patient?

A

Stimulation of the prefrontal cortex using electromagnetic pulses (without seizure induction)

28
Q

Describe repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment

A
  • Minimal side effect(e.g. scalp discomfort at stimulation side )
  • Usually 4-6 weeks of daily sessions (45mins ) before therapeutic benefits seen
  • Not as effective as ECT but has fewer side effects
29
Q

What is the goal of Magnetic Seisure Therapy? (MST)

A

To maintain effectiveness of ECT but reduce memory side effects

30
Q

Describe magnetic seizure therapy as a treatment ( MST)

A

Experimental technique (not yet approved) for mood disorders

  • Capitalizes on aspects of rTMS and ECT
    - Stimulation is done electromagnetically ( as in rTMS)
    - Seizures are produced (as in ECT), but are focal rather than generalized
31
Q

Describe Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a treatment

A

Used for treatment-resistant depression

-Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve via an implanted wire in neck and pacemaker device in chest

32
Q

Describe the effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

A
  • Risks of surgery/implantation
  • “Mild” effects of stimulation (e.g. coughing)
  • Therapeutic effect takes several months
33
Q

Describe Deep Brain Stimulation as a treatment

A

Electrical stimulation via an implanted electrode (e.g. in the subthalamus) and a pacemaker in the chest

Approved for severe, treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder

34
Q

What are are possible adverse effects of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?

A
  • Risk of infection, brain hemorrhage

- Several months to see therapeutic effects, treatment is indefinite

35
Q

What is psychosurgery?

A

Surgery that destroys brain tissue to change behavior

36
Q

Describe the history of the prefrontal lobotomy (psychosurgery)

A

Inventor- Egas Moniz

Procedure- cutting the nerves connected to frontal lobes to the emotion centers of the brain

Modification: trans orbital technique (Walter Freeman)

Decline in use: With the advent of psychotropics in the 1950s

Current status: No longer performed

37
Q

How are psychosurgery used today?

A

Not in the form of lobotomy

Approved for patients with severe and treatment-resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

-Lesions are discrete (mm)and focused on specific brain targets

38
Q

How are lesions produced in psychosurgery?

A

Via a heated electrode of gamma knife(targeted radiation device) and

39
Q

Describe the functioning of Benzodiazepines

A
  • Drugs increase GABA, which depresses brain activity

- use only short term due to addiction risk

40
Q

What is Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST)used to treat?

A

Experimental technique for mood stabilizers

psycopathology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions